農業結構轉型下的農民分化（1980-2005）

Peasant Differentiation under the Agrarian Structural Transformation, 1980-2005

蔡培慧(Pei-Hui Tsai)

指導教授 ： 謝雨生

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/生物產業傳播暨發展學研究所/博士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2009.01185

摘要

本論文探討1980年代至2005年台灣的農業結構轉型下的農民分化。藉由質量方法研究農業生產環境的結構與農民分化的結果。此一結構，以國家作為中介，分為外部關係中的三個範疇：國際局勢、國家職能與市場，及內部因素中的四個行動主體：國家、農政組織、農民團體及農民個體。外部與內部這兩組動態關係，對台灣的農業政策起了支配性的影響，共同作用於農民分化。
從1980年代初期，美國直接施壓限制稻作出口，打開台灣大宗作物市場。1993年底，當遙遠的烏拉圭回合談判確立＜農業協定＞的規範性架構，台灣的農業政策便由以台灣自身發展為主體的計畫性經濟（保價收購、糧食自主及保護市場），轉變為受制於國際性協定的貿易自由化規範（非關稅措施關稅化、降低關稅、開放市場）。上述這組動態關係，以國家為中介將外部因素內部化。另一組運動關係，則是在國境內部，國家規制與市場關係的競逐，台灣農業發展由計劃導向轉向市場導向，農政職能成為服務資本的工具。農民被統攝於這雙重的架構之中，農民生產條件的變化與變異，縱使為農民主觀能動性的選擇，也無法不受結構的支持或限制。
此論文第四章以稻作產業調整、開放美國農產品、農業結構調整與WTO入會諮商四大事件的動態過程，闡明外部因素所起的支配性作用，國家作為中介運動的形式，如何連結了國家內部與外部的二組再分配關係。此二組關係的互動決定了農民分化的整體結構。而第五章則是從結構動態中，理出農民分化機制，同時以1990、2000及2005年三次普查資料，探討農民分化形態的差異性。農民分化結構所形成的分化機制，計有「維持農糧生產」、「休耕」、「轉市場作物」，當家庭農場與市場相結合之後，若持續分化，則走向「擴大規模」、「資本投入」等資本積累的規律。
理解台灣小農，一定要理解台灣小農結合「家庭農場生產形態」與「商品化生產」的特徵。此二項特徵一則使小農生產保持著很高的彈性，二則小農生產受制於結構因素。簡言之，台灣小農是農業的小商品生產者。小農經濟涉及「生產關係」，商品化涉及「流通市場」，因此台灣農民「質」的差異，受到本身所掌握的生產資源，也受到他與市場結合的形態的影響。因此，台灣小農的形貌與分化經驗，與列寧及Chayanov論辯的俄羅斯農民不同，它不會消散在歷史中，它也不會停留在家庭經濟的滿足中，當然，受限於生產結構，它也不可能無限擴張為資本農。

關鍵字

農民 ； 農民分化 ； 農業協定 ； 新自由主義 ； 農業結構轉型 ； 台灣農業

並列摘要

This study explores the peasants’ differentiation during 1980-2005 in Taiwan both qualitatively and quantitatively. On one hand, through examining the structural factors of agricultural policies, including international political-economic environments, state, markets, agricultural institutions, farmers’ organization, and individual peasant, this study sheds lights on the dynamic processes and the mechanisms of peasants’ differentiation in theoretical senses. On the other hand, this study also empirically assesses the profiles of peasants’ differentiation in 1990, 2000, and 2005, respectively, to reflect the outcome of peasants’ differentiation in recent two decades.
Giving the severe pressure of the trade between countries on the state, the external influences dominantly affect and continuously shape the agriculture policy of Taiwan in the past two decades. Since early 1980s, USA has continuously given strong pressures on Taiwan to restrain the exportation of rice and open the market of crops. In 1993, when the Uruguay Round Negotiations affirmed the regulatory framework of “Agreement on Agriculture,” Taiwan was forced to transform its agriculture policy to liberation economy from planned economy in order to meet the restriction from international agreement. Within the nation boundary, the regulation and agricultural product market had become the competitive environment faced by the trade countries, including Taiwan. Peasants in Taiwan thus are influenced by the dual structures. Not only do peasants subjectively make decisions based on their own local production resources, but also their production patterns were constrained by the outside structures of different levels.
Chapter 4 explores the dominant effect of the external factors from the historical perspective and illustrates how the nation acts as the mediation role between internal and external reallocated relationship. Basically, the interaction of the relationship determines the entire dynamics of peasant differentiation and identifies the salient mechanisms of peasants’ differentiation. Chapter 5 then empirically analyzes the distribution of peasants at year 1990, 2000, and 2005 to show the actual dynamics of peasants’ differentiation by examining the changes in the distribution of peasants through using three agriculture census data sets.
While transforming from small agrarian economy regarding production-based relationship to commoditized production regarding market-based circulation, Taiwanese peasants had differentiated to some distinctive types of production in which were affected by the production resources they had controlled on one hand and were also influenced by their connections to the agricultural product markets on the other hand.
In sum, this study found that the characteristics of peasant in terms of types and experiences in Taiwan are significantly different from those of Russian peasants that Lenin and Chayanov have studied. Surprisingly, peasants did not dissolve in the past transitions in Taiwan, nor will they be stationary with the satisfaction of current family economy. Simultaneously, they will not be expected to become unlimitedly capitalist farmers as they are differentiating because they will be continuously constrained by the various production structures from global environment to local farmers’ organization in the future.

並列關鍵字

Peasant ； Peasant Differentiation ； Agreement on Agriculture ； Neoliberalism ； Agrarian Structural Transformation ； Taiwan Agriculture

參考文獻

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