後進國家廠商的技術學習：以馬來西亞汽車零組件業為例

汽車工業作為馬來西亞的國家策略性產業，馬來西亞也是東南亞目前唯一擁有自有品牌汽車、且從設計研發到量產皆已達致技術自主的國家。然而，相對於汽車組裝活動，汽車零組件製造作為當中關鍵部門，在過去針對馬來西亞汽車產業的研究卻少有被關注，儘管汽車零組件廠商在汽車生產的附加價值活動中扮演愈來愈重要的角色與責任肩負。基於以上關懷，本研究主要從後進發展觀點出發，以馬來西亞汽車零組件業作為研究對象，透過深入訪談、田野觀察和次級文獻蒐集，探討馬來西亞汽車零組件業廠商的發展與技術學習過程，乃是受到哪些特定因素和機制的影響？國家又在當中扮演著怎樣的角色？本研究緊接點出汽車零組件業在馬來西亞的發展意涵，國家與跨國企業在廠商技術學習過程中的關係互動與影響作用。從政策應用上，則以馬來西亞經驗為例，說明後進國家廠商在建立技術能力過程可貫徹之學習策略，以及國家的角色扮演，以作為開發中國家欲啟動新興產業發展之借鏡參考，即國家可以如何透過並善用制度面設計，吸引並規範跨國企業嵌入在地，使開發中國家廠商得以從和跨國企業的投資與合作中獲取正向收益，進而達到技術轉移之目的。

關鍵字

汽車零組件業；技術學習；技術轉移；產業升級；發展型國家

並列摘要

Automotive industry is taken by Malaysia as national strategic industry and Malaysia is the only nation in Southeast Asia having its own passenger car brands as well as holding technical autonomy in car manufacture process from design, research and development to mass production. However, compared to car assembly activities in Malaysia, auto parts manufacturing sector draws scarce attention in the past studies despite the fact that auto parts firms play a gradually important role and burdens responsibilities in value-added activities of car manufacturing. Hence, through in-depth interview, field observation and secondary data collection, this study mainly focuses on the case of auto parts industry in Malaysia, and discusses the certain factors and mechanisms as well as the roles of the state that influencing the development and technological learning process of auto parts firms. Furthermore, this study also points out the significances of auto parts industry development in Malaysia, as well as the interactions and influences played among the state and multinational firms in firms’ technological catching-up process. For policy application, this study takes Malaysia experience as an example on what learning strategies latecomer firms could implement on process of building their technological capabilities, as well as the role the state could act in order to serve as a reference for developing countries with interests in initiating pioneer industry. In other words, how the state can make use of the institutional mechanisms not only to attract but regulate multinational firms to embed in host country simultaneously, thus enabling firms from developing countries to obtain positive gains from investments and cooperation with multinational enterprises, as well as reaching the goal of technology transfer.

並列關鍵字

Auto parts industry ； Technological learning ； Technology transfer ； Industrial upgrading ； Developmental state

參考文獻

Amsden, A. H. (2001). The rise of the rest: challenges to the west from late-industrializing economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Arthur, W.B. (1989). Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. The Economic Journal, 99(394), 116-131.

Arthur, W.B. (1990). Positive feedbacks in the economy. Scientific American, 262(2), 92-99.

APM Automotive Holdings. (2003). Annual Report 2002. Selangor: APM Automotive Holdings.

Bell, M. (1984). Learning and the accumulation of industrial technological capacity in developing countries. In Fransman, M., & King, K. (Eds.), Technological Capability in the Third World. London: Macmillan.

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後進國家廠商的技術學習：以馬來西亞汽車零組件業為例

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