摘要
近年來，在利益驅使及好逸惡勞的投機心態下，詐欺者為了快速致富得以擁有優渥的物質享樂，而甘願冒著被捕之風險，使出花招百樣的詐欺手法，圖謀不法利益，導致影響治安至深且鉅。因此，現有對於詐欺犯罪研究之文獻皆多從法治層面探討刑法詐欺罪名之檢討，或從檢警偵辦研究如何防治詐欺犯罪為題材，然而，本研究認為與其待詐欺犯罪發生後「亡羊補牢」檢討立法妥善與否或犯罪偵查效果，不如先時從詐欺犯罪集團及詐欺被害人之角度全面性研究詐欺犯罪形成之原因及犯罪類型之態樣，並以詐欺犯罪者「經營事業」之角度，回到原點重新審視及面對詐欺犯罪者對於「詐欺事業」之思考與態度，以求瞭解「詐欺事業」之經營模式，並研析可能的防治方法。 本研究將以「詐欺事業」為中心，從法律學、心理學、社會學、資訊經濟學角度研究詐欺犯罪者「詐欺事業」之可能經營模式，包括：如何依照交易相對人（潛在被害人）之被害認知特性推出各式各樣的「詐欺商品」、如何善用資訊不對稱、逆選擇及道德風險行為吸引交易相對人並誘使其受騙上當之商業模式、如何設計「標準詐欺流程」以達到低成本高獲利之目的而創造「詐欺事業」之核心競爭力、如何力行內部風險控制及外部風險分散等風險管理以求躲避詐欺市場中檢警調之追緝、詐騙集團如何運用組織管理學理論而擠身為成功的企業組織，以及「詐欺事業」及「黑心詐欺商品」是否有破解或對付的方法等。 就此，本研究將從詐欺理論及實際案例出發，瞭解詐欺犯罪者之詐欺心理及詐欺運作模式，以及被害者之被害認知心理，並整理出我國常見之詐欺犯罪類型（包含詐欺訊息傳遞管道、詐欺內容與手法及詐欺財物交付管道等），輔以日本「詐欺獵人」漫畫之詐欺案例，歸納出詐欺者之詐欺模式及可能的破解詐欺模式，期有效降低詐欺被害的可能，並作為檢警調未來偵辦詐欺案件之參考。
並列摘要
In recent years, an ever prevalent demand for fast indulgence and get-rich-quick schemes has given rise to fraudsters who, despite the risk of arrest, have used trickery of all varieties to the detriment of public security and order. Existing research on fraud crimes tends to focus on reviewing the determination of fraud under the criminal law or fraud control based on prosecutor’s investigation and police reports. However, this study suggests that, instead of examining the effects of legislations and criminal investigations after the crime has occurred, a comprehensive study should be conducted on offenders and victims of fraud so as to analyze the different motives for and types of fraud, and to gain insights to organized fraud as well as their operators to develop possible prevention methods. In view of the limited existence of studies on organized fraud, this analysis will center on the operations of a “fraud enterprise” using theories based in law, psychology, sociology, and information economics to deconstruct possible business models of a “fraud enterprise”. Issues analyzed include: how fraudsters market their products based on the cognitive characteristics of the buyer (potential victims), how to make use of information asymmetry, adverse selection and moral hazard in attracting the buyer, how to design a "standard procedure of fraud operation" in order to achieve cost-benefit advantages and competitive advantages, how to implement risk control and dispersion both internally and externally to avoid prosecution, how management theory is used within the organization, the limitation of a “fraud enterprise”, and possible counter-fraud measures. This paper begins with an introduction to fraud theories and examples of actual fraud cases to illustrate the standard process of a fraud operation, the psychology of fraudsters, and the cognitive psychology of fraud victims. Moreover, this paper details different types of fraudulent transactions commonly seen in Taiwan (including the communication and content of a fraudulent message, and the delivery of a fraudulent product), citing the fraud cases in Japan's comic series "Cheating hunter" in support. Finally, the paper identifies the patterns of fraud operations and recommends possible counter-fraud measures to be used in law enforcement so as to effectively reduce the occurrence of future fraud crimes.
參考文獻
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