先秦情態動詞研究

A Study of Modal Verbs in Pre-Qin Chinese

巫雪如(Hsueh-ju Wu)

指導教授 ： 周鳳五

共同指導教授 ： 魏培泉

國立臺灣大學/文學院/中國文學研究所/博士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2012.01492

摘要

本論文的研究對象為先秦漢語的情態動詞。在本文的界定中，「情態動詞」指的是能表達情態語義的動詞，其範圍除了傳統歸為助動詞或能願動詞的「可」、「能」、「欲」、「願」等成員外，也包括其他可表情態語義的實義動詞，如「知」、「信」、「命」、「禁」等。本文的研究目的在於探討這些情態動詞的語義、用法及情態演變路徑，同時描繪先秦情態動詞系統的整體面貌，並與跨語言的研究成果做比較，指出先秦情態動詞與之相較下的共性與特性。
　　本文在第一章中首先說明「情態動詞」的名義，接著探討「情態」一詞在語言學研究中的定義及中外學者的研究概況，並從跨語言的情態研究成果入手，尋求適應於先秦漢語實際情況的情態界定方式，最後說明本文的研究範圍及方法。
　　在第二章中，我們回顧了漢語情態動詞的相關研究文獻，並在各家的研究基礎上，從動詞語義及語法表現兩方面對先秦漢語的情態動詞做出新的界定，我們同時將先秦情態動詞所表達的情態類型分為認識、道義、動力及條件四類，並列出先秦漢語中所有可表達這四類情態類型的動詞成員。
　　在劃定出本論文研究對象的範圍後，我們根據情態乃以表達說話者觀點或態度為中心語義的特徵，將先秦情態動詞分為典型情態動詞及非典型情態動詞兩類。典型情態動詞指的是可表達說話者觀點或態度的動詞，如「可」、「足」、「能」、「得」、「當」等，非典型動詞則為上述成員以外的動詞。非典型成員另依是否表主語能力或意願分為非典型情態動詞(一)及非典型情態動詞(二)，前者主要包括傳統助動詞或能願動詞研究中可表主語指向情態的成員，如「肯」、「敢」、「欲」、「願」等，後者則包括上述兩類情態動詞以外的其他成員，如「知」、「信」、「恐」、「命」、「使」等。
　　在第三∼五章中，我們分別對上述三類情態動詞的語義及發展作較為深入的分析與探討，包括個別情態動詞的形成、語義的演變以及在先秦漢語中的情態表達類型與方式，必要時亦對情態動詞在句中的語法表現作簡單的分析。
　　在第六章中，我們首先對情態動詞進行分類，接著分析情態動詞不同的形成方式及演變機制，再以情態語義地圖的方式呈現先秦情態動詞的演變路徑，並與跨語言情態研究成果做比較，最後根據情態動詞的類型及形成方式，分析情態動詞不同演變途徑的決定條件。
　　在結語中，我們指出本論文的研究成果及檢討，並提出未來可能的研究方向。

關鍵字

先秦漢語 ； 情態 ； 情態動詞 ； 語義演變 ； 情態語義地圖

並列摘要

This dissertation is a study of modal verbs in Pre-Qin Chinese. In this study, modal verbs are defined as the verbs which express modality, including not only what were traditionally classified as “can-wish” verbs (nengyuan dongci 能願動詞) or auxiliary verbs, such as kě可, néng能, yù欲, yuàn願, but also lexical modal verbs, such as zhī知, xìn信, mìng命, jìn禁. This study aims at investigating the meaning, usage, and the semantic evolution of modal verbs, describing the system of modal verbs in Pre-Qin Chinese, and comparing them with the cross-linguistic research of modal verbs to show their similarities and distinctions.
Chapter 1 interprets the term “modal verbs” in this study, and then reviews the definition and research outline of modality by Chinese and foreign scholars. Starting from their achievements in modality, this chapter seeks out the way to define the semantic category of “modality” adapted to Pre--Qin Chinese. Finally, this chapter explains the range of literature surveyed in this thesis and approach to the study.
　　Chapter 2 first reviews the previous research documents concerning Chinese modal verbs and on which basis puts a new definition on modal verbs in Pre-Qin Chinese according to their meanings and grammatical function. Next, this chapter distinguishes the types of modality into epistemic, deontic, dynamic and circumstantial, and lists all the modal verbs expressing these four modality types.
According to the feature that modality expresses the speaker’s opinion or attitude on the proposition or event, modal verbs singled out above are further classified into typical modal verbs and atypical modal verbs, the former subsumes the modal verbs which express the speaker’s opinion or attitude on the proposition or event, such as kě可, zú足, néng能,dé得, dāng當, and the later subsumes those which do not express the speaker’s opinion or attitude on the proposition or event. The atypical modal verbs are further classified into two categories, namely atypical modal verbs I and atypical modal verbs II, the former subsumes the modal verbs which express the subject’s ability or volition, such as kěn肯, gǎn敢, yù欲 and yuàn願, and the later subsumes all the modal verbs excluding the two types mentioned above, such as zhī知, xìn信, kǒng恐, mìng命 and shǐ使.
　　From chapter 3 to chapter 5, three types of modal verbs are analyzed respectively and the analysis are mainly focused on the forming and semantic evolution of modal verbs, and the modality types expressed by them. If it is necessary, the syntactic analysis of the modal verbs is also included.
Chapter 6 classifies the modal verbs in four categories and two large groups, analyzes the different ways of forming and evolution of modal verbs, draws the modality’s semantic map to present the path of semantic evolution of modal verbs and compare them with the cross-linguistic research of modal verbs to show their similarities and distinctions, and finally analyzes the requirements determining the diverse evolution paths of modal verbs according to the verb types of these modal verbs.
　　The last chapter summarizes the achievements and limitations of this dissertation and points out the prospect of this study in the future.

並列關鍵字

Pre-Qin Chinese ； modality ； modal verbs ； semantic evolution ； modality’s semantic map

參考文獻

巫宜靜(2007)《「以為」的歷史演變》，國立清華大學語言學研究所博士論文。

巫雪如(2010a)〈上古語氣詞「與」「邪」新探──以出土文獻為主的論述〉，《臺大中文學報》第三十二期，2010年6月，頁79-118。

巫雪如(2010c)〈〈民之父母》、〈孔子閒居》及〈論禮〉若干異文的語言分析──兼論《孔子家語》的成書問題〉，《漢學研究》28.4:319-349。

巫雪如(2011a)〈楚國簡帛中的「囟�思」、「使」問題新探〉，《臺大文史哲學報》第七十五期，2011年11月，頁1-34。

周鳳五(2009)〈上博七〈君人者何必安哉〉新探〉，《臺大中文學報》第三十期，2009年6月，頁51-68。