存在様態のシテイル文について —格体制変更の現象から—

存在樣態的「シテイル」―「從格體制變更」現象出發― 摘要在現行的研究中，大多以「動作持續」，或「結果存續」的觀點，來討論日文中「シテイル」形式所表達的動詞動貌。但在福嶋(2004)的研究中，發現藉由將原本不自然的句子「池に鯉が泳いだ」中「泳いだ」改為「泳いでいる」，「池に鯉が泳いでいる」不僅將成為自然的句子，更提升了對助詞「ニ」格的容忍度。福嶋認為，這種改變動詞格體制的「シテイル」形式，就是野村(2003)研究中所指的「表現存在樣態的シテイル」。本研究將運用野村(2003)的觀點，論述福嶋(2004)中，改變動詞格體制的「シテイル」形式，對整體句構所造成的變化，與其代表的意義，並從語料庫中收集文例並分析，從名詞面、動詞面等不同的面向，來討論並歸納這種由改變動詞格體制的「シテイル」形式所構成的句子之特徵。本研究的結論為以下三點：（i）在由改變動詞格體制的「シテイル」形式所構成的句子中，「ニ」格代表的是「存在場所」而非「動作場所」或「結果存續的場所」。也就是說，藉由改變動詞的格體制，將句子「存在的靜態面」前景化，「シテイル」形式表達了主體的「存在樣態」，而非主體動作的持續或結果存續，句子在整體文章段落中的功能傾向描述景色的靜態用法。（ii）透過文例分析，並運用Silverstein 名詞句階層的概念，能夠發現階層中位置越低的名詞，如動物名詞或無生物名詞，越容易出現在該種句構中。由此可推論，階層中位置越低的名詞，其生物性(活動性)較低，越容易成為靜態景色描述的對象，因此能夠出現在靜態的景色描述中。（iii）觀察文例，能夠發現在「シテイル」形式分別代表「動作持續」及「結果存續」時，出現在該句構動詞傾向的不同。「シテイル」形式為「動作持續」時，其出現動詞多為「樣態性移動動詞」，此時透過改變動詞的格體制，可將句子的動作動態面背景化，引出句子的存在靜態面。而「シテイル」形式為「結果存續」時，其出現動詞多為「瞬間動詞」，此時透過改變動詞的格體制，可強調句子靜態的結果存續面。

關鍵字

格體制；格體制變更；存在樣態； -teiru ；名詞句階層；連語論

並列摘要

A Study of Existence Usages of -teiru ―From an Aspect of Case Structure― Abstract Among recent studies, an suffix in the form of “-teiru ” in Japanese is often discussed from aspects of “continuation of action” or “lasting existence of outcome.” However, Fukushima (2004) found that the ungrammatical sentence *池に鯉が泳いだ becomes grammatical if 泳いだ in the sentence is replaced by 泳いでいる. Sentence 池に鯉が泳いでいる becomes not only grammatical, tolerance to case particle “ni ” is also enhanced. Fukushima suggested that form -teiru, which changes case of a verb, is exactly the form -teiru discussed in study of Nomura (2003), which functions by showing the existence of a subject by portending the situation of that subject. This study will demonstrate overall transformation of syntactical construction and semantic difference once case particle -teiru of a verb changed. The data was collected from corpus and analyzed from three different aspects, namely noun, verb and other grammatical aspect. The discussion on concluding the feature of case -teiru transformed sentence will also be included. The three main conclusion of this study are as follows: (i) in a verbal case changing particle -teiru constructed sentence, case particle “ni ” marks “place of existence,” but not “place of action” or “place of lasting outcome,” which means the change of case foregrounds the “existing static situation” of a sentence. Form -teiru expresses the “existence” of a subject, but the continuation or lasting outcome of the action of a subject. The sentence tends to play the role of describing static situation in the overall passage.(ii) After analyzing data by adapting the noun hierarchy of Silverstein, the outcome shows that the lower the noun in the hierarchy, e.g. animal nouns, inanimate nouns, the more frequent the noun exists in discussed -teiru sentences. In conclusion, the lower the noun in the hierarchy, the less animate (active) the noun is, therefore, the easier it appears in the discussed -teiru sentences. (iii) If the form -teiru indicates “continuation of action” or “lasting existence of outcome,” a tendency was found among verbs in the sentence. When -teiru indicates “continuation of action,” verbs in the sentence tend to be “progressive.” By changing the case of the verb, the action in the sentence tends to be changed into description of statics. If form -teiru indicates “lasting existence of outcome,” the verbs in the sentences tend to be “instantaneous,” by changing the case of the verb, the lasting existence of the outcome described is emphasized.