朝鮮前期「闢佛論」研究——朱熹思想的受容及變容

朝鮮前期「闢佛論」研究——朱熹思想的受容及變容朝鮮朝以朱子學為國是的國家，但以朱子學為主的社會風氣不是一蹴而就的。因前代高麗王朝的理念佛教的影響力依然留在朝鮮社會，所以朱子學經過朝鮮前期的儒佛混雜時期後，才完全落實於朝鮮。因此，研究朝鮮前期的闢佛論及其影響的演進，則是瞭解朱子學融入於朝鮮的過程之重要議題之一。本研究將朝鮮前期分成三個觀察時期，並在各時期選定一位代表性之儒者的論述，這三位儒者是十四世紀的鄭道傳、十五世紀的金時習及十六世紀的李珥。藉由他們的闢佛論，可說明朝鮮在受容朱子闢佛說後的轉變。本論文的展開大致分成三個部分：第一，儒、佛之對立局面以及闢佛論形成之文化背景的介紹。藉由朝鮮的文化環境，可說明朝鮮儒者受容朱熹思想，把佛教排斥為異端的緣由。即使如此，朱熹所活動的南宋與朝鮮前期儒、佛之際以及文化環境有所不同，對照分析兩者的文化背景有助於理解其闢佛論的形成。第二，把朝鮮儒者的闢佛論與朱熹的闢佛論對照，分析其內容及重點之異同。本論文選定鄭道傳、金時習及李珥，三人皆排斥佛教為異端，其文集中可觀察他們主張闢佛的根據。他們的闢佛論基本上以朱熹的闢佛論為基礎，但細節及論點上有與朱熹不同的論述，本研究將細細釋論其闢佛著述之內容。第三，分析朝鮮儒者的闢佛論與朱熹同異之緣由，由此找出其闢佛之文化意義。思想形成的背後必有當時社會文化的影響，而思想也會對社會文化亦發揮作用。朝鮮儒者的闢佛皆得其成果，引起了朝鮮文化的轉變，本論文將綜合觀察此三位儒者闢佛論之特點，以此說明朝鮮前期闢佛論的演變，解釋朝鮮前期儒佛交替以及朱子學文化及學術之發展。朝鮮儒者大致繼承朱熹的闢佛論，但由於宋代與朝鮮文化環境之不同，朱熹與朝鮮儒者的闢佛論之重點相異。朝鮮之闢佛主要在政治上，文化的影響是伴隨於政治而有的議題，因此隨著佛教在政治上的影響力減弱，闢佛的力度也隨之寬鬆。雖然如此，隨著朝鮮性理學學術及文化的發展，朝鮮儒者更深入理解朱熹的闢佛論，也細節上進一步提出自己的創見。藉由鄭道傳、金時習、李珥闢佛論的演變，一方面可見朝鮮儒者對理解朱熹思想逐漸深化的過程，另一方面也可看見朱子性理學的文化深厚地融入於朝鮮社會的過程。

關鍵字

朝鮮；朱子學；闢佛論；朱熹；鄭道傳；金時習；李珥

並列摘要

Zhu xi’s Thought was regarded as the national ideology of the Joseon Dynasty. However, the social ethos based on Zhu xi’s Thought was not established in a short span of time. Buddhism, which used to be the national ideology of Goryeo dynasty, still remained a certain degree of influence in the early Joseon Dynasty, in which Buddhism was criticized and refuted by the Confucians. After the mixed period of Confucianism and Buddhism in the early period of Joseon Dynasty, Zhu xi’s Thought was finally settled in Joseon. In conclusion, studying the criticism of Buddhism and its social and cultural influence is one of the important topics to understand the process of Zhu xi’s Thought’s integration into Joseon Dynasty. In this study, the early Joseon Dynasty will be divided into three parts. In each part, a Confucian will be selected to represent that period, including Jeong do-jeon（鄭道傳）in the 14th century, Kim si-seub（金時習）in the 15th century and Lee yi（李珥）in the 16th century. Research about their criticism of Buddhism can explain how Joseon Confucians accepted Zhu xi's Thought and changed its theory. This thesis can be divided into three parts: the first part introduces about the historical and cultural background of the conflict between Confucianism and Buddhism. There are similarities and differences between politics and culture of the Southern Song Dynasty that Zhu xi lived and the early Joseon Dynasty. A comparative analysis on the cultural background of two different dynasty can explain why Joseon Confucians accepted Zhu xi's Thought and rejected Buddhism. The second part compares the theories of Zhu xi and Joseon Confucians. By analyzing their own arguments of how they excluded Buddhism, the similarities and differences can be pointed out. Although the criticism of Buddhism proposed by Joseon Confucians are mostly based on Zhu xi's theory, their focus and details of discussion are different from that of Zhu xi. For example, according to the arguments of Jeong do-jeon, Kim si-seub and Lee yi, they all firmly rejected Buddhism as heresy. Through their theories, their basis of excluding Buddhism can be observed. The third part analyzes the cultural influence and significance of excluding Buddhism in the Joseon Dynasty. Behind the formation of thought, there must be social and cultural influences at the time, and thoughts also play a role in social culture. The criticism of Buddhism proposed by Joseon Confucian’s has additionally caused a change in Joseon culture. Through the characteristics of three Joseon Confucian’s' theories, it can be explained that the evolution of the conflict between Confucianism and Buddhism in the early Joseon Dynasty, and the development of Zhu xi’s Thought in Joseon Dynasty. The Joseon Confucians generally inherited Zhu xi's theory on the criticism of Buddhism. However, due to the differences of cultural environment between the Song Dynasty and Joseon, the focus of criticism by Zhu xi and Joseon was different. The criticism of Buddhism by Joseon Confucian is mainly political, and cultural influences are accompanied by political issues. Therefore, as the political influence of Buddhism weakens, the intensity of criticizing Buddhism is also loosened. Nonetheless, since Joseon Confucians have deepened their understanding of Zhu xi's Thought, they could further advance their own ideas in detail. Research about the criticism of Buddhism could also explain the process of Zhu xi's philosophy and its integration into the Joseon Dynasty.