隱喻的存有學：以鄧恩、華茲華斯、及史帝文斯為例

本論文試圖閱讀分析鄧恩（John Donne）、華茲華斯（William Wordsworth）、及史帝文斯（Wallace Stevens）等人詩作，以探討隱喻在存有學及知識論中可能扮演的角色。本論文的理論基礎立足於理查茲（I. A. Richards）及布萊克（Max Black）的互動理論，以及呂格爾（Paul Ricoeur）的語義學和詮釋學理論。互動理論以為隱喻是由喻體（tenor）和喻依（vehicle）兩者間的互動關係建構，而呂格爾的理論納入康德的先驗理論，以試圖闡明隱喻建構世界（觀）的可能性。耙梳理論之外，本論文也嘗試於閱讀詩作的同時，討論三種「反例隱喻」—鄧恩隱喻中喻體與喻依間的疏離、華茲華斯的「直述隱喻」（non-impertinent metaphors）、及其喻體和喻依間的可逆性（reversibility）。另一方面，史帝文斯的隱喻則可為互動理論提供適切的例證。於閱讀鄧恩的章節中，本論文試圖探討喻體和喻依間的疏離、隱喻與不在場（absence）間的關係、以及一「堆疊隱喻」（accumulative metaphor）之現象，即隱喻透過積累堆疊而成一「現實」之存在。於討論華茲華斯的章節中，將處理喻體及喻依如何於一單詞中結合的問題、隱喻與象徵的關係、隱喻對棄存揚升（Aufhebung）之抵抗、以及隱喻如何作為「邊界存有」（border being）而存在。於分析史帝文斯的章節中，本論文嘗試探討史帝文斯的二元隱喻動機—消除陳腐隱喻以滌淨老舊的世界（觀）以及編織一新的極致想像世界。本章同時也處理換喻及消弭（decreation）概念如何在史帝文斯詩作中一反隱喻時期扮演要角，以及史帝文斯如何從換喻及消弭轉換到隱喻與啟示（revelation）的想像世界。

關鍵字

隱喻；存有學；鄧恩；華茲華斯；史帝文斯

並列摘要

This thesis attempts to explore the ontological potential and epistemological status of metaphor by probing into several theories of metaphor and reading some poems of John Donne, William Wordsworth, and Wallace Stevens. The thesis is mainly based on I. A. Richards’ and Max Black’s interaction theory of metaphor, which asserts that metaphor is the unifying interaction between tenor and vehicle, and on Paul Ricoeur’s semantic theory that integrates Kant’s schematic theory in order to illustrate metaphor’s world-constructing ability. The thesis discusses three generic exceptions to the interaction theory—the distanciation between tenor and vehicle in Donne, the non-impertinent metaphors and the reversibility between tenor and vehicle in Wordsworth—as a way to engage with the theory. On the other hand, the discussions on Stevens mainly serve the interaction theory, trying to provide an effective account and examples for the concept of interaction. The thesis examines in the chapter on Donne the distanciation between tenor and vehicle, the relation between metaphor and absence, and the phenomenon of “cumulative metaphor” through which a series of metaphors becomes a “real” presence. On the other hand, the chapter on Wordsworth discusses the union between tenor and vehicle into one single word, the relation between metaphor and symbol, the metaphor’s resistance to Aufhebung, and the metaphor’s status as a border being. The chapter on Stevens surveys his binary motive for metaphor—to undo outworn metaphors for a world uncreated and to weave a new supreme fiction with fresh metaphors. The chapter also examines the connection between Stevens’ notion of decreation, metonymy, and an anti-metaphor tendency in Stevens, as well as the transition from the metonymic world of decreation to the metaphorical world of revelation in his poetry.

並列關鍵字

metaphor ； ontology ； John Donne ； William Wordsworth ； Wallace Stevens

參考文獻

Works Cited

Altieri, Charles. “Objective Minds and Acts of Mind in Modern Poetry.” PMLA, Vol. 91, No. 1 (1976), p101-14.

Barfield, Owen. “The Meaning of ‘Literal.’” Literary English Since Shakespeare. Ed. George Watson. London: Oxford U P, 1970. Print.

Beardsley, Monroe. “The Metaphorical Twist.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Mar., 1962), p. 293-307.

Benamou, Micheal. “Displacements of Parental Space: American Poetry and French Symbolism.” boundary 2, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Winter, 1977), p471-486.

國際替代計量

隱喻的存有學：以鄧恩、華茲華斯、及史帝文斯為例

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