- 學位論文
擬憂鬱情緒對中文情緒詞的記憶擴張機制探討
Elaboration on Memory for Affective Words in Analogue Depression
摘要
本研究在情緒一致記憶的理論架構下，探討模擬憂鬱樣本(情緒誘發)對中文情緒詞收錄後的記憶擴張機制。過去的研究派典以不同處理層次來探討刺激收錄當時的記憶擴張。然而，一般人對高強度的情緒性記憶卻有隨著時間增加的現象，顯示刺激收錄之後仍然持續擴張的可能性。近年來廣被探討的憂鬱反芻理論，亦反映出刺激收錄後的擴張與情緒一致記憶的關係。本研究在呈現中文情緒詞後，以不同難度的分心作業操弄刺激收錄後的記憶擴張，並透過請參與者對中文詞的情緒性評價，控制刺激收錄當時的擴張程度。另外，過去對一般情緒性記憶的研究顯示刺激激動性吸引人的注意力，進而增進記憶，本研究亦使用相同激動程度的刺激材料，控制注意力機制對記憶表現的影響。本研究為一2 x 2 x 3混合設計，將150位大學生，隨機分配至六組(憂鬱/正常組 x 算數/數字閱讀/空白組)情境，並收錄兩種不同情緒(正性/負性)刺激，以檢視憂鬱情緒對情緒詞的回憶是否較容易受到不同收錄後擴張程度的影響。結果顯示: (1) 憂鬱組和正常組主要的差距是對於正向詞的擴張: 正常組擴張對於正向詞的記憶，但憂鬱組對於正向詞記憶沒有擴張的現象。(2) 兩組人皆反映出對負性詞的記憶擴張，但憂鬱組對於負性詞的擴張程度與正常組相同，並不支持收錄後擴張較為顯著的假設。然而，憂鬱組在分心作業後展現出情緒調節的效果。更重要的是，分心作業的憂鬱組在對於正向詞的回憶顯著多於對負向詞的回憶，分心作業改變了憂鬱組情緒一致記憶的現象，此結果可應用於憂鬱症的治療上。
並列摘要
The present study evaluated the mechanism of post-encoding elaboration on memory for emotional words in an analogue depressed sample (via mood induction) under the Mood-Congruent Memory (MCM) framework. Previous MCM studies applied levels of processing paradigm to investigate if memory is affected by elaboration during encoding. However, it has been shown that memory for negatively arousing events increases with time, such as in hypermnesia suggesting that elaboration could happen after encoding. In addition, rumination in depression may be related to post-encoding elaboration corresponding to MCM. To evaluate post-encoding elaboration and MCM on affective word recall, we administered a word list with positively and negatively valenced Chinese words to 150 college students assigned to 6 different conditions. Depressed mood was induced in half of the students. Levels of elaboration was manipulated by providing different degrees of distraction after stimuli presentation, in which students solved math problems, read numbers or viewed a blank screen. A semantic encoding procedure was employed to control for elaboration during encoding, and presented materials were controlled for levels of arousal. Results indicated that the main difference between the non-depressed and depressed groups was in their memory for positive rather negative words. Positive words were found to be elaborated by the non-depressed group, but not by the depressed group. Although both groups elaborated negative words, post-encoding elaboration on negative words did not differ between the two groups. Nevertheless, the depressed group showed the mood regulation effect with the increased distraction. More importantly, the depressed group remembered more positive words when post encoding elaboration was decreased, suggesting MCM to be eliminated by distraction. Possible clinical applications for this finding are discussed.