國道工程知識管理-以隧道建設為例

Project Knowledge Management for Taiwan Expressway-A Case Study in Tunnel Construction

張清祥(Chin-Hsiang Chang)

指導教授 ： 曾惠斌

國立臺灣大學/工學院/土木工程學研究所/博士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2007.01049

摘要

知識是人類經濟發展重要因子，從以往重視人力、資本、材料與能源等生產要素，到如今與這些因素並駕齊驅，且已有超越跡象，變成一個競爭的關鍵因素。在營建工程推動過程中，過程執行的經驗是知識的重要來源。本研究以文獻回顧與實務上需求的探索，主要以國道建設工程參與者與單位為對象，提出公共工程經驗管理的模式，來活絡、擴散經驗的利用，藉以提升績效，同時改善參與者與單位能力。提出的知識管理模式包括知識的創造(Create)、擷取(Acquire)、再利用(Reuse)與分享(Disseminate)，稱之為CARD Model。在知識管理過程中，著重於經驗的擷取與分享（擴散），並分由兩架構與方法來完成；其中對於經驗的擷取採用事後檢討AAR (After Action Review)的程序來完成；對擷取的經驗，冠上使用者關心的關鍵屬性指標指引其快速方便取得最適當的標的，此機制稱之為DEOntology （Directional Experience Ontology）Framework，藉以改善當前一些知識擷取方法的不足。至於經驗的分享與擴散方面，透過修正以問題為中心的學習方法（Problem-Based Learning, PBL），提出新的方法—Twin-PBL Approach—用以克服工作中學習的障礙，將經驗作更有效的分享；其中透過RPBL (Reactivated PBL)機制淬取經驗，可以將經驗做更充實的吸收與傳達；而SPBL (Self PBL)機制可經由單位的網站與終身學習機制結合，並以推拉機制（PUSH & PULL）將經驗要求指定對象學習或提供利用。本研究著重工程經驗管理觀念的探索與開發，並以國道工程主要部份的隧道做為主要的論述標的，提出的架構與方法則以開發雛形對可能使用者調查，結果顯示均具有相當良好的表現，值得進一步發展。

關鍵字

事後檢討 (AAR) ； 經驗管理(EM) ； 資訊擷取 (IR) ； 知識管理 (KM) ； 知識組織 (KO) ； 工作中學習（on-job-learning）

並列摘要

Knowledge is a crucial factor for competition strength of entities (like: individuals, organizations, companies, or agencies). This research explores the literatures related to knowledge management (KM) and proposes methods to entities to improve the management of “experience” (the core of knowledge) in practice, and focuses on KM in tunnel construction of expressway projects, especially from the view of government agencies. The proposed methods, to improve the entities’ capacity and enhance projects’ results in this area, are explored and discussed. The proposed methods include two major parts: experience acquisition and dissemination; where acquisition consists of distilling and organizing processes, while dissemination is accomplished through learning mechanisms.
It is essential to leverage acquired knowledge well in practice. Generally, most KM in construction focuses on explicit knowledge only. Even much tacit knowledge is valuable and important; however, it is less properly managed. After Action Review (AAR), which originally developed by the U.S. Army, is applied in this research to reactivate the scenario of experience of project executions and enable experience acquisition and dissemination more effective.
Appropriate knowledge organization and retrieval can enhance and accelerate the users’ accessibility. Knowledge Organization (KO) systems and Information Retrieval (IR) developed in the domains, such as the library, information, and computer sciences , are popular for delivering knowledge services. However, they are almost developed from the views of administrators’ or providers’ and for general users’ purposes; therefore, it is hard to the specific users to judge whether the browsing or/and querying results, with existed KO systems or IR methods, from the knowledge corpus are suitable or not. This research puts forward a Directional Experience Ontology (DExOntology) framework, which inherits KO characteristics to set up problem-topic ontology of the concerning domain, and augments the retrieved knowledge annotated “orientation” with weighted attributes elicited from domain experts, thus bridges the gap between the services of the existed methods and users’ requirements.
As for enhancing entities’ capacity, on-job-learning is a useful dissemination method but highly constrained practically. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is widely applied in medical discipline and advocated in construction education at schools. Its aim is to improve the traditional educational method—Subject-Based Learning (SBL) drawbacks, and satisfy practical requirements. The nature of construction practice makes on-job-learning with PBL necessary. This research modifies PBL to fit into the practical requirement and proposes the Twin-PBL (Reactivated Problem-Based Learning (RPBL) and Self Problem-Based Learning (SPBL)) Approach to overcome the on-job-learning barriers and improve the experience conversion and dissemination.
Main contributions of this research are: (1) Applying AAR approach, embedded in the review of the workshops for projects’ execution, effectively distills tacit knowledge (experiential content) from involved engineers; (2) Proposing Directional Experience Ontology (DExOntology) Framework that significantly enhances both relevancy and suitability of the experience utilization, and accelerates and improves the experience accessibility to the users; (3) Delivering the revised learning method—Twin-PBL Approach substantially improves the learning barriers, and creating the learning platforms enables the experience conversion and dissemination more powerful in practice.

並列關鍵字

After Action Review (AAR) ； experience management (EM) ； information retrieval (IR) ； knowledge management (KM) ； knowledge organization (KO) ； on-job-learning.

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