- 學位論文
都市聲環境中不同音量自然聲對人體生心理反應之影響
Psycho-physiological Responses to Different Natural Sound Volume in City Acoustic Environments
摘要
摘要 聲環境已知能夠反應環境組成，引發使用者感覺系統在生心理的回饋。2013年聯合國指出世界上有50%以上人口居住於都市。都市綠帶存在自然聲，具備恢復性效益、提升正面情緒、為人所偏好及舒緩交感神經等正面效益。但都市聲環境隨著經濟發展，以交通聲成為基調(keynote)，過去研究認為交通聲不為人所偏好，產生壓力、焦慮及生理上等負面效益；且在聽覺上遮蔽掉其他聲音訊息，導致人對聲環境細節不同之知覺程度。近年隨道路開發以及都市綠帶邊緣之休閒運動（慢跑、自行車）的盛行，居民日常生活與交通聲越發緊密，都市聲環境的改善為當務之急。 音量(dB)常作為聲音評估指標。本研究以都市公園人行道為基地，依據台北市都市公園常見人行道寬度4m，將65dB都市聲分別混入45、40、35dB自然聲，模擬3種於人行道不同位置時可能知覺到的聲環境組成，並以純都市聲為對照組，討論不同遮蔽程度對人體生理與心理效益之影響。自變項間以注意事件模型(短期)及知覺自然度(長期)概念，由受測者回報自然聲元素數量及評估自然比重，檢視變項之差異性。心理效益測量項目包括恢復體驗程度(RE)、情緒(ZIPERS)及環境偏好；生理效益則利用生理回饋儀，紀錄受測者聆聽實驗刺激之生理反應，包括心率、肌電值與腦波-α。本研究以台灣大學學生為主要受測對象，共收集126份有效樣本。研究結果顯示受都市聲遮蔽作用影響，受測者回報之自然聲數量及自然比重評值均偏低。但不同組別間受測者在心理效益（恢復體驗程度、情緒、偏好）有顯著差異，即知覺到一定程度之自然聲可獲得顯著之正面心理效益。而各項心理效益與回報自然聲數量及評估自然比重亦呈顯著正相關。但生理效益研究結果在各項指標均未受到組間差異顯著影響。研究結果說明透過音量可提高自然聲之知覺度，降低都市聲對聲環境的遮蔽程度，藉以獲得更好的心理效益。 本研究透過實證研究方式，討論都市聲環境下提高自然聲音量有助於人體身心健康，且對自然聲知覺程度顯著影響獲得之心理效益。建議景觀實務中可在設施及動線規劃中導入自然聲元素，或提高自然聲音量知覺以改善都市聲環境品質。
並列摘要
Abstract Acoustic environments reflect the construction of an environment and cause psycho-physiological feedback responses. The UN (2013) pointed out that more than 50% of the population of the world live in the cities. An urban green area natural sounds have positive benefits such as restorative experiences, positive emotional preferences, and sympathetic soothing; however, with economic development, noise pollution created by traffic has become the hallmark of city acoustic environments. Noise pollution has many negative effects that cause stress, anxiety, and has detrimental physiological effects as well as a masking effect on natural sounds. Sound levels (dB) are used as a metric to estimate sound impact. This study simulates the sidewalk acoustic environment between a city park and a road. Three experimental groups listened to a mixed 65 dB city sound with different natural sound levels (45dB/40dB/35dB). A pure city sound was used for the control group to identify the relationship between different masking levels and human psycho-physiological responses. This study used a notice-event model (short-term) and a perceived naturalness (long- term) was used to discriminate differences between independent variables. Participants were asked to evaluate the number of natural sound elements in proportion to levels of naturalness. In this study, we measured the psychological responses of 126 participants (National Taiwan University students) including restorative experiences, emotions (ZIPERS), preference, and physiological responses including heart rate (HR), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram-α (EEG–α). The results for the average score of the number of natural sound elements and perceived naturalness were low, which revealed that the acoustic environment was masked by city sounds. The findings for psychological responses (restorative experience, emotions, and preferences) among groups showed significant differences to further indicate that positive psychological benefits could be obtained from certain natural sound pressure levels. Moreover, the psychological responses also had positive correlations to the number of natural sound elements and naturalness. However, there were no significant differences between physiological responses and different levels of city acoustic environments. In addition, this study found that sound levels improve natural sound perception, decreased the masking of the acoustic environment by city sounds, and even showed improved psychological benefits. The results show that the promotion of the perception of natural sounds in city acoustic environments will induce psychological benefits. Additionally, if landscape practices, designers, and planners add natural sound elements by instruction and route by specifically using the perceptions of nature sound pressure levels, then city populations will likely experience better sound quality.