地方依附、調適行為策略與擁擠知覺之關係探討

Exploring the Relationship between Place Attachment, Coping Strategies and Perceived Crowding

紀惠齡(Hui-Ling Chi)

指導教授 ： 鄭佳昆

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/園藝暨景觀學系/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2015.01801

摘要

擁擠知覺為個體對四周所看到的人數經價值觀判斷後，當下所產生的主觀評價。然而在不同情況下評價會因不同社會、心理和情緒因子而改變，如在特定地點或情況下，人們經過時間累積後對於地方的情感連結可能會改變對擁擠的負面感覺，這種情感稱為地方依附。
儘管許多研究已指出擁擠知覺跟地方依附有關，但此情感所造成的反應在目前研究中尚未有明確定論。然而有研究指出有可能是因為所測得的擁擠知覺已經過調適，過去研究也驗證心理調適與擁擠知覺之間的關係，此外亦有研究指出不同調適策略在反應機制上有所不同，故本研究目的欲在此架構下加入調適行為以釐清地方依附、調適行為和擁擠知覺三者在使用者反應上的運作機制，以尋找調適作用在地方依附對於擁擠感受關係中所扮演的的影響角色。
本研究實驗地點選在人潮眾多的陽明山國家公園二子坪遊憩區，在實驗過程中，先對當地使用者進行擁擠知覺、地方依附測量，然後再給受測者觀看高度接觸人數之模擬照片，最後再詢問受測者所進行不同調適行為的程度。結果顯示受測者採行調適策略的模式較常採行時間替代、資源替代、合理化、產品轉移等四種調適策略，而不傾向採行絕對替代。認知調適中的合理化和產品轉移分別在地方認同與擁擠知覺之間的關係扮演中介變項，即地方認同對於擁擠知覺沒有直接關係，中間會經過認知調適影響。此外討論當將擁擠知覺視為壓力時擁擠知覺和地方依附對行為調適的影響，結果發現地方認同會減弱當感到擁擠時，想要選擇時間替代、活動替代與資源替代的傾向，而地方依賴則會減弱當感到擁擠時選擇所有行為調適策略的傾向。未來在實用上，了解使用者對地點依附程度所可能採取的應變措施，進而推論遊憩場所的遊客數變異量，或者在遊客評價分析中能更進一步的明白遊客表達背後的原因。

關鍵字

地方認同 ； 地方依賴 ； 擁擠知覺 ； 調適策略 ； 認知調適

並列摘要

Perceived crowding has been one of the most common research topics in tourism and recreation. It is great important for the carrying capacity and the appraisal of tourists and visitors. However, the evaluation will change depending on the social, psychological and emotional factors in different situations, such as place attachment. Studies have also found place attachment would influence people in making recreational or residential decisions, especially when encountering perceived crowding.
Although many researchers have suggested that perceived crowding could be influenced by the level of place attachment, different directions had been observed for such influences and the mechanism of a reaction in the present study isn’t clear yet. However, some studies indicate that the possibility that expectations or preferences for crowding of visitors were exceeded had adopted coping strategies. Also, the study indicates that different coping strategies also have different reaction mechanism. Therefore, the relationship between place attachment, perceived crowding and coping strategies is worthwhile for further discussion. The purpose of the current study is to clarify the framework by adding coping strategies and to understand the reaction mechanism between place attachment, perceived crowding and coping strategies, and the role the coping strategies play.
Results indicated that respondents tend to adopt time substitution, resource substitution, rationalization, product shift. In terms of Cognitive adaptation, rationalization and product shift were the mediators between place identify and perceived crowding. And in terms of behavior adaptation, place identity can reduce the effect of crowded perception on the trend of temporal substitution, activity substitution and resource substitution, and place dependence can reduce the effect of crowded perception on the trend of all behavior adaptations. This results would help explained more in-depth explanation of the relationship between people and place, and it could be application in recreational management in future to bring people to better life.

並列關鍵字

Place Identity ； Place Dependence ； Perceived Crowding ； Coping Strategies ； Cognitive coping

參考文獻

2. 王正平，(2008)，探索陽明山花季賞花遊客之調適行為，戶外遊憩研究，21(1)，27-50。

3. 王正平，(2014)，地方依附與遊憩衝擊對調適之影響，台灣體育運動管理學報，14(2)，195-222。

6. 呂怡君，(2013)，心理調適行為對擁擠感受之影響，碩士論文，臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系研究所，台北。

7. 林俐吟，張軒瑄，高俊雄，(2011)，陽明山登山自行車者的衝突敏感性、遊憩衝突與調適行為關係之研究，觀光休閒學報，17(3)，411-433。

1. Absher, J. D., & Lee, R. G. (1981). Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings. Leisure Sciences, 4(3), 231-247.