解開台灣與巴拉圭原住民的雙重壓迫：
以原住民的土地權和自治權為中心

本文主要論點在於：若一個國家具有殖民與威權統治的過去，原住民則會同時面臨殖民脈絡的支配與威權政權的壓迫。身為原住民，由於持續存在的殖民秩序，他們仍處於從屬的地位;身為威權政權統治的人民，他們則受到政治上的壓迫。在原住民族受到此等「雙重壓迫」的狀況下，為了確保原住民的權利，國家需要實現「雙重轉型」，包含由威權統治到民主的轉型，以及從殖民到去殖民化的轉型。此理論架構將被應用到兩個十分不同、卻在各個方面有極高相似度的國家：台灣與巴拉圭。主要而言，這兩個國家皆曾經歷殖民統治的歷史，也在近年開始民主轉型。本文指出：台灣與巴拉圭的原住民人口皆在民主轉型的過程中扮演重要角色，因為他們都是一個廣博的反威權運動的參與者。此外，透過民主改革，原住民政治上的自由與權利也獲得提升。因此，他們被賦權參與民主體制並從中推動他們對於土地與自治的訴求。透過這樣的方式，原住民得以促使國家進行司法改革。然而，截至目前為止，政府與原住民之間的關係尚未有深層的改變。台灣與巴拉圭政府對於原住民仍保有優勢的權力，此優勢的權力深植在有缺陷且執行不力的法律框架中。此外，法律僅是原住民受到的雙重壓迫中的一環，法律的內容、功能與執行在很大的程度上，受到其他會限制雙重轉型過程之因素的影響。唯有梳理這些相關因素，才能真正了解台灣與巴拉圭原住民所面臨的雙重壓迫。

關鍵字

原住民族；人權；原住民族自治；原住民族土地權；殖民主義；威權政權；民主化；比較法；巴拉圭；台灣

並列摘要

This dissertation argues that in States with a colonial and authoritarian past, indigenous peoples are at the same time dominated by the colonial legacy and the coercion of the authoritarian regime. As indigenous peoples, they remain in a subjected position because of an ongoing colonial order; as citizens of an authoritarian regime, they are politically oppressed. They suffer a “double oppression”. So, to guarantee indigenous peoples’ rights, States need to make a “double transition” from authoritarianism to democracy; and also from colonialism to decolonization. This theoretical framework is applied to two different, yet in many regards also very similar States: Taiwan and Paraguay. Most importantly, these States have a history of colonial rule, and have quite recently begun a democratic transition. This dissertation shows that in both States, the indigenous population played a role in this democratic transition, because they were part of the broad opposition movement against the authoritarian regime. Also, through democratic reforms, their political rights and freedoms have increased. So, they have been empowered to participate in the democratic system and push forward claims for their rights to land and self-government. In this way, they have been able to pressure the State to make some legal reforms. But, so far, there has not been a deep change in the relationship between the government and the indigenous peoples. Both the Taiwanese and the Paraguayan government maintain superior powers over the indigenous peoples, embedded in a flawed and poorly enforced legal framework. Besides, law is only one element of the system of double oppression that subjects indigenous peoples. Law’s content, functioning, and enforcement depends to a large degree on other factors that limit the process of“double transition.” Only if these factors are also addressed, the “double oppression” of indigenous peoples in Taiwan and Paraguay can be unraveled.

並列關鍵字

indigenous peoples ； human rights ； indigenous self-government ； indigenous land rights ； colonialism ； authoritarianism ； democratic transition ； comparative law ； Taiwan ； Paraguay

參考文獻

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解開台灣與巴拉圭原住民的雙重壓迫：以原住民的土地權和自治權為中心

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