「野蠻」的復權：台灣修復式正義與轉型正義實踐的困境與脫困之道

The Rehabilitation of "the Savage": Breaking the Impasse of Transitional Justice and Restorative Justice in Taiwan

吳豪人(Hao-Jen Wu)

《台灣人權學刊》 1卷3期 (2012/12) Pp. 67-93

https://doi.org/10.29733/THRJ.201212.0004

摘要

「轉型正義」與「修復式正義」原本是兩組互相指涉的理論：當事人均為受害人、加害人與社群，國家只是配角；懲罰不是正義的第一義；應報主義與國家司法目的的維持，也被真相的探求、加害人的悔悟與道歉、受害人的需求得到滿足、以及包括社群在內的三者共同的和解與療癒等所取代。就近代國家／法而言，兩者都是非常具有顛覆性－因此也是充滿改革能量－的理論。但如果進入實踐的層面，則前者容易被誤解為政治鬥爭，而後者則往往只被視為近代刑法理論的補充與裝飾品。結果，無論是群體正義的轉型，或個人正義的修復，都失去了真正達成和解與療癒的功能。這種困境在缺乏堅實的西方民主／近代司法的人權傳統、缺乏道德的決心與政治的決斷的台灣尤為明顯。本文則試圖在此看似無解的現狀之下，提出另一個思考的切入點：一個在台灣的「轉型正義」與「修復式正義」中原本居於最關鍵位置，卻始終受到忽視的因素－台灣原住民族因素。本文試圖證明：只有理解台灣原住民族的受難歷史，恢復台灣原住民族的諸權利，才能夠在道德上、理論上以及實務上完成主流社會的「轉型正義」與「修復式正義」，並使居於台灣的所有族群得以獲得和解與療癒。

關鍵字

修復式正義 ； 轉型正義 ； 台灣原住民族 ； 加害人/被害人/社群 ； 和解與療癒

並列摘要

The theories of ”Transitional Justice (TJ)” and ”Restorative Justice (RJ)” are essentially interrelated with each other. The concerned parties include the victims, the offenders/perpetrators and their communities. Therefore the state plays merely a supporting role. Punishment can not be of primary concern to justice. In the meantime, the retributivism or the commonly held judicial purposes of the state should be replaced by truth-seeking, by repentance and apology of the offenders, and by the reconciliation and healing among the victims, the offenders, and their communities. Those theories are so filled with reform-oriented energy that they are often regarded as subversive-whether politically or judicially-to modern states and their judicial systems. That is why ”Transitional Justice” is prone to be misunderstood as a tool of political struggle, and ”Restorative Justice” as a cheap decoration of the criminal policies. Such predicament can be observed more easily in Taiwan, in that the so-called ”Taiwan miracle of democratization” lacks nothing but a solid universal human-rights thinking. This article aims to provide a key factor for TJ and RJ so often neglected yet so important-namely a point of view of Taiwan's indigenous people, and also to argue that Taiwan will never reach any meaningful reconciliation and healing unless indigenous human rights on TJ/RJ issues are fully protected.

並列關鍵字

transitional justice ； restorative justice ； Taiwan indigenous people ； victims/offenders/communities ； reconciliation and healing