印尼中爪哇島三寶瓏市小型哺乳類動物外寄生蟲媒介立克次體與巴通氏菌之調查

Investigation of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in ectoparasites infesting small mammals in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia

陳佳萱(Chia-Hsuan Chen)

指導教授 ： 蔡坤憲

國立臺灣大學/公共衛生學院/環境與職業健康科學研究所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202102501

摘要

常見小型哺乳類動物包括囓齒目 (Rodentia) 和鼩形目(Soricomorpha) 等。囓齒目鼠科 (Muridae) 其攜帶之外寄生蟲傳播病原體導致多種人畜共通傳染病，例如鼠疫 (plague)、漢他病毒症候群 (hanta virus syndrome)、鉤端螺旋體病 (leptospirosis)、立克次體病 (rickettsial diseases)、貓抓熱 (cat scratch fever) 等。據聯合國指出，熱帶或亞熱帶區人口與鼠口比例約為1：4，因此推測熱帶區的印尼鼠口數量龐大。在防疫一體 (One Health) 的理念下，透過科學研究和行動以維護人、動物及環境的健康，相關人畜共通傳染病值得重視。
本研究目的為調查印尼中爪哇島三寶瓏市 (Semarang City) 的小型哺乳類動物與其體外寄生蟲媒介之病原體。2020年2月於三寶瓏市的四個傳統市場 (Rasamala、Meteseh、Kedungmundu、Penggaron) 及周邊家戶放置鼠籠，每個市場及家戶各放置50個鼠籠，並於迪波內戈羅大學 (UNDIP) 實驗室進行採檢。總計捕獲5種107隻小型哺乳類動物，鼠科之鼠種分別為溝鼠 (Rattus norvegicus)、亞洲家鼠 (Rattus tanezumi)、馬來西亞田鼠 (Rattus tiomanicus)、鬼鼠 (Bandicota indica) 及鼩形目的錢鼠 (Suncus murinus)，捉捕率為26.75% (107/400)。從24隻小型哺乳類動物中採集到84隻印度鼠蚤 (Xenopsylla cheopis)，應用聚合酶連鎖反應 (Polymerase Chain Reaction) 的技術，增幅立克次體 (Rickettsia) 與巴通氏菌 (Bartonella spp.) 之檸檬酸合成酶基因 (gltA gene)、體表蛋白基因 (ompB gene) 及鉤端螺旋體基因 (secY gene) 進行病原體的檢驗。
病原體檢驗結果顯示，3隻鼠蚤檢驗出地方性斑疹傷寒立克次體 (Rickettsia typhi)，來自兩個市場 Rasamala、Kedungmundu和一個來自Kedungmundu市場附近的家戶。而印度鼠蚤媒介巴通氏菌之陽性率有91.67%，定序結果顯示種類有B. rochalimae-like (n=5)、B. grahamii (n=1)、B. tribocorum-like (n=7)、B. queenslandensis (n=3)、B. elizabethae (n=3) 和Bartonella sp. (n=5)。乾燥血片分析的結果有25.71% (27/105) 檢驗出巴通氏菌，種類為B. rochalimae-like (n=6)、B. tribocorum-like (n=11)、B. elizabethae (n=4) 和Bartonella sp. (n=6)。鼠隻尿液濾紙片共採集9片，2片檢驗出鉤端螺旋體 (Leptospira interrogans)，為致病性之鉤端螺旋體菌之菌種。根據研究結果，本研究檢出之立克次體、巴通氏菌和鉤端螺旋體等檢出地點常是人群聚的地方且均有人類感染致病的記錄，此次調查研究成果提供三寶瓏市未來制訂蟲媒傳染病之基礎資訊與研議預防策略之參考建議。

關鍵字

小型哺乳類動物 ； 人畜共通傳染病 ； 巴通氏菌 ； 立克次體 ； 鉤端螺旋體病

並列摘要

Common small mammals living in human environment include, order Rodentia and order Soricomorpha. Rodents are hosts and reservoirs for several zoonotic diseases, such as plague, hanta virus syndrome, leptospirosis, rickettsial diseases, cat scratch fever, and so on. According to the United Nations, the ratio of human population to rodent population in tropical or subtropical areas is about 1:4, it is a huge population of rodents in Indonesia. In Southeast Asia, Rickettsia infection rate is the second most frequently reported infection for non-malarial febrile illnesses among residents, just after dengue, yet there are limited studies in the environment (Acestor et al., 2012). Zoonotic diseases are worthy of attention under the concept of ‘One Health’.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the pathogens of small mammals and ectoparasites in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. During February 2020, 50 live-traps were placed in the four traditional markets (Rasamala, Meteseh, Kedungmund, Penggaron) and nearby households. Body information and specimen of small mammals were collected in the laboratory of University of Diponegoro (UNDIP). The results of the survey showed that 107 small mammals of 5 species were captured, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus tanezumi, Rattus tiomanicus, Bandicota indica, and Suncus murinus. The trapping rate is 26.75% (107/400). Each small mammal was picked heart blood after being anesthesia and kept in 903 filter paper. A total of 84 Xenopsylla cheopis were collected. To detect pathogens, polymerase chain reaction is necessary to amplify specific genes, citrate synthase gene (gltA gene), outer membrane protein B (ompB gene), and leptospirosis gene (secY gene). Through molecular identification, 3.6% (3/84) fleas positive for Rickettsia typhi which were collected from rodents in two markets (Rasamala and Kedungmundu) and one household in Kedungmundu. Rickettsia typhi is a pathogen of murine typhus. Besides, 91.67% (77/84) of fleas from 24 rodents were detected Bartonella spp., there are 5 clusters of species including, B. rochalimae-like (n=5), B. grahamii (n=1), B. tribocorum-like (n=7), B. queenslandensis (n=3), B. elizabethae (n=3), and Bartonella sp. (n=5). The analysis results of dried blood spot (DBS) samples of small mammals showed 25.71% (27/105) positive sequences for Bartonella spp., including B. rochalimae-like (n=6), B. tribocorum-like (n=11), B. elizabethae (n=4), and Bartonella sp. (n=6). Totally there were 9 urine in filter papers, and 2 (22.2%) of them were detected for Leptospira interrogans. According to the research results, Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Leptospira were detected in people congregate places and had been recorded of human infections. The results of this investigation provide suggestions for formulating prevention strategies of vector-borne diseases in the future.

並列關鍵字

Small mammals ； Zoonotic diseases ； Bartonella ； Rickettsiaceae ； Leptospirosis

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