以學問為茶飯─方以智的讀書與學道研究

Compare knowledge to Tea and Rice—A study of Fang Yi Zhi’s reading and Tao-cultivation

李忠達(Chung-Da Lee)

指導教授 ： 鍾彩鈞

國立臺灣大學/文學院/中國文學研究所/碩士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2011.10765

摘要

本文研究的對象，是明末清初思想家方以智治學的歷程，以及他對讀書、學道的相關看法。第一章「方以智的家學背景及學問使命感」，從明代王陽明學說的傳播狀態、桐城方氏家學的崇實特徵，與三教合一的思想環境，來觀察方以智思想形成的背景。其次，是觀察方以智對讀書的熱愛，以及他如何在明末天崩地解的動亂中，承擔傳揚家學的責任。第二章「讀書──學道者與悟道者的共同工夫」，探討方以智尊經復古、博學泛覽、提升火候的幾點主張，並從學問即茶飯的比喻中，觀察他對讀書與悟道的關係有何意見。第三章「道術──三教學術異同論」，則分析方以智如何談論道術，出入三教門戶之間，辨析彼此異同。並以方以智對莊子的詮釋為例，討論他如何在莊子學中，融合三教的思想，寄托其心中的道術。第四章「天人合一──極物而止的天地之道與人生職分」，討論方以智如何向天學習，在「天地一物也」的世界中，實踐人生應盡的職分，冥合天人之際。第五章「結論」，則是綜合以上討論，釐清方以智的求道意識，如何決定其讀書觀念；身為讀書人，他又如何透過學問實踐天道，完成其人生職分。

關鍵字

方以智 ； 桐城方氏 ； 明末清初 ； 遺民 ； 讀書 ； 三教 ； 天人合一 ； 通雅 ； 藥地炮莊 ； 東西均 ； 周易時論

並列摘要

Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to present the progress of Fang Yi Zhi’s studies and opinions of reading and Tao-cultivation. In the first chapter, it aims to describe how Fang and his family’s thought were deeply influenced by the development of Wang Yang-ming school and synthesis of the Three-Teachings during the period of late Ming and early Qing dynasty. We will elaborate on how Fang Yi Zhi shoulders the responsibility of carrying down his family’s academic works in this restless time through his passion in study.
In the second chapter, we take deeper look at several important ideas of Fang Yi Zhi’s main philosophical concepts: his particular emphasis on studying the Thirteen Classics, restoring the ancient ways, wide exposure to mass scholar works and mind-training. Tea and rice, the well-known metaphor Fang used to describe Tao-cultivation, will be discussed in the last part of chapter 2.
What comes after in chapter 3, we will clarify Fang Yi Zhi ‘s interpretation of the Three Teachings. In Fang’s understanding, Zhuang Zhi, who integrates different characters of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, sets the cornerstone of Fang’s synthesis of the Three Teachings.
The fourth chapter presents Fang Yi Zhi’s view of learning from Heaven and Earth. We attempt to determine his concepts on the duty of human’s life and the ultimate goal of reaching the Combination of human and Heaven.
After all these discussions, we can reach a conclusion that Fang's concern about Tao greatly determined his attitude on academic works. Through hiseveryday and Tao-cultivation, Fang touched the reality of the university and human life.

並列關鍵字

Fang Yi Zhi ； late Ming and early Qing dynasty ； synthesis of the Three-Teachings

參考文獻

方大鎮《田居乙記》，《四庫全書存目叢書》子部．雜家類，第134冊。

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