如何協助低收入戶穩定就業？分析台灣就業脫貧方案現況並師法美國、英國之就業促進策略

如何協助經濟弱勢投入就業以利改善經濟狀況的概念，經常是社會工作濟貧服務的工作目標。我國自民國100年社會救助法新制上路，除了對於經濟弱勢給予更廣泛的照顧外，協助他們脫離貧窮狀態、進而自立亦是新法推動的重點，在就業協助方面，不僅藉由社福與勞動部門共同合作提供「就業轉介」服務，促進有工作能力未就業的低收入戶及中低收入戶投入就業市場，亦鼓勵各地方政府發展協助經濟弱勢服務方案；然而在就業轉介的服務成效上不如預期，一方面思考目前政策與方案推行之困難與阻礙，另一方面更期待藉由探究他國之協助經濟弱勢促進就業策略，能夠對於我國發展就業脫貧措施有政策及方案工具上的啟發。本研究以文獻分析法疏理美國和英國在「工作福利」框架下，各自就業促進的政策脈絡，比較其政治脈絡、意識型態、社會福利議題偏重、權利與義務的平衡、政策推動策略等差異；進而理解其分別發展出的就業自立方案之運作設計、執行方式、方案成效、以及福利與就業部門的配合等，如何搭配就業優先、人力資源訓練、福利服務以及辦理的行政框架；同時，採深度訪談方式，分析台灣目前由縣市政府自行辦理或委外辦理之就業自立脫貧方案，在方案規劃、執行措施等推動情形、以及目前遭遇的問題。根據研究結果，本研究在社會政策與社會方案實務面上分別做出建議：在就業促進政策方面，在就業輔導與福利服務方面應結合行政專精化，甚至思考推動方案參與者有強制性工作要求之可能；在就業促進方案設計方面，應針對經濟弱勢之方案參與對象進行分類，並對方案參與者的就業能力進行區分，提供求職者能夠根據不同的工作能力、和競爭力選擇保護程度不同的職場，協助他們獲得工作經驗，更進一步增加就業職缺及訓練方案的多元設計；在福利服務的支持方面，應落實家庭支持以及人力資源的投資、以及求職津貼之相關運用，以協助經濟弱勢在投入就業市場的過程能夠逐步穩定、進而經濟自立。

關鍵字

積極促進；工作福利；就業脫貧方案；經濟弱勢； TANF ； New Deal

並列摘要

Assisting people with low-income find employment in order to improve their economic conditions is the foundation of social work poverty service. In Taiwan, the social assistance system considers working ability as one of the requirements for low-income household qualifications. Not only does it regard “working value” as important, but is also aimed to help the people in low-income and middle-low-income households who have working ability actually get into employment. The Social Assistance Act was amended on July 1, 2011. In the Act, the governments, including central and local, have been encouraged to take more progressive anti-poverty strategies to help the low-income households to gain their economic sufficiency. The Act requested the Labor Department and the Welfare Department in the Central government to develop a referral system to help the able-bodied people in the low income household to find jobs. However, the number of beneficiaries of the referral system is not as expected. Since these employment poverty reduction programs in Taiwan has just developed in these few years, how to improve the program is a significant issue. This research on the one part, I’d like to understand the development context Active Labor Market Policies in the US, and UK. Though TANF and New Deal, the Workfare program in the US and UK has Mandatory requirements. The other part, I’d like aims to compare the effects of three poverty-alleviation employment programs in Taiwan, which is to help able-bodied welfare recipients to engage in job activities. The program participants, program directors and social workers are interviewed respectively to find out what experience in their pathways to employment and what social services and strategies provided are effective in terms of finding jobs and maintaining job stability. Based on the research result, this study makes recommendations on the aspects of social policy and social program practice. In terms of assisting employment policies, we should combine administrative specialization in employment counseling and welfare services, and even consider the possibility of promoting mandatory job requirements for program participants. In the design of employment supporting programs, the economically disadvantaged program participants should be classified, and the employability of program participants should be differentiated. According to different work abilities of job seekers, programmer could assign them workplaces with different degrees of protection, in order to help them to gain work experience and further increase the multiple design of training programs. In terms of support for welfare services, family support, investment in human resources, and the use of job-searching allowances should be implemented to help the economically disadvantaged to gradually stabilize the process of entering the job market and finally become economically independent.