台灣鄉村住宅建築生活污水處理改善方式之研究 －以「蘆葦床處理系統」為例－

Improvement for Domestic Wastewater Treatment of the Country Houses in Taiwan －A Case Study of Reed Bed Treatment System－

陳江河(Chiang-Ho Chen)

指導教授 ： 韓選棠

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/生物環境系統工程學研究所/碩士(2004年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2004.01511

摘要

論文摘要
生活污水已成為目前台灣河川最大的污染來源，造成此一現象的主要原因，乃由於多數的生活污水在未經過適當的處理情況下即行排放，而其背後所隱含的問題是人居環境的惡化及生態環境之破壞。被視為解決污水問題最佳方法之污水下水道建設，是現階段國家發展的重大建設項目，政府並擬定「污水下水道發展方案」據以實施，然污水下水道系統之建設，多以人口集中之都市地區為優先，相對於人口數較少的鄉村地區，目前並無適切之因應對策。
台灣鄉村住宅建築生活污水處理之問題，除了整體污水處理系統規劃上之不良外，污水處理設備效能不佳與維護觀念之缺乏，也是導致污染情況日益嚴重的原因所在。然而，整體污水處理系統之規劃關乎到鄉村地區土地利用政策與龐大建設經費，短期內恐怕難有具體有效之改善計畫。因此，在整體污水處理系統尚未妥善建立之前，改善現有污水處理設施放流水質不佳之問題，使其能達到「放流水水質標準」，則應可以減輕整體環境污染之現況。
本研究嘗試以歐洲地區逐漸發展成熟，且應用日趨普遍的人工溼地－「蘆葦床處理系統」為研究對象，此種標榜效能穩定、低成本、省能源與環境友善的自然處理技術，若能在台灣鄉村地區加以運用，則對於目前生活污水污染之問題或可有所改善。然而此一系統在國外乃經過長時期之演變改良，對於當地之環境、氣候、植栽物種乃至於社會層面等，有其相對之發展條件，故本研究除針對「蘆葦床處理系統」的原理與應用做一分析外，並以實際之操作案例做為驗證，由實際參與系統之規劃設計、施工營造乃至於系統運轉後水質檢驗分析等過程，探討此一系統於台灣鄉村地區住宅建築做為生活污水處理改善方式之適用性。
由水質分析結果可知，實做案例於初期運轉階段，懸浮固體物的平均去除率約為84.65%，氨氮約為65.68%，正磷酸鹽約為54.11%，生化需氧量約為69.82%，且處理後之放流水可達「放流水標準」及「灌溉用水水質標準」。另由實例操作過程可知，在整體造價成本上，本系統於一般5~6人使用之小型獨戶住宅之建置費用約可控制在四萬至六萬五千元之間，而施工操作及維護方面均容易掌握，所需之技術性不高，便於普及推廣。除此之外，系統之建置尚具有水資源再利用、野生動物庇護所及景觀休閒與生態教育等附加價值。

關鍵字

蘆葦床處理系統 ； 自然處理 ； 人工溼地 ； 污水處理設施 ； 生活污水

並列摘要

Abstract
Domestic wastewater has now become the major source of the river pollution in Taiwan, causing the destruction of human habitable environment and the destroying of ecosystem. The main reason for such a phenomenon is that most domestic wastewater is discharged without any proper treatment, and a well-developed sewerage system is the best solution to this problem. The Taiwan government has already set up the sewerage system development project as one of its most important national construction projects. But the costruction of sewerage system is aimed at the more populated urban areas. For the less populated rural areas, there is currently no appropriate strategy.

The problem of the domestic wastewater treatment of the country houses in Taiwan is not only the bad wastewater treatment system plan, but also the inefficient facility and lack of maintenance. However, since the development of an integrated sewage system requires a huge amount of fund and is related to the established land policy, it is too hard to achieve in the nearby future. The best solution at this stage, we believe, is to improve the quality of the effluent.

In this paper, we introduce a wastewater treatment technique, the reed bed treatment system, which uses the constructed wetland. This treatment system is developed in Europe and has become popular in recent years. It is a natural wastewater treatment technique, and is proved to be stable, low-cost, energy-saving, and environmental friendly. However, since this technique is developed in Europe, it may be specialized to the European environment, climate, plants, and societies. In order to test whether the rural areas in Taiwan can also adapt the reed bed treatment system, we will examine it with a case study in addition to our discussion of the theory.

Our study has shown that the average removal rate of suspended solid matter is about 84.65%, ammonia nitrogen is 65.68%, orthophosphate is 54.11%, biochemical oxygen demand is 69.82%, the effluent reaches the “Effluent standards” and the “Irrigation water quality standards”. We also find that the total cost of the reed bed treatment system for a five-to-six-people household is about forty thousand to sixty-five thousand NT dollars. There are no technique obstacles for developing this system. Besides, the reed bed treatment system has many additional benefits such as the re-usage of water resource, the improvement of habitation of wild animals, entertainment, and eco-education.

並列關鍵字

Constructed wetlands ； Reed bed treatment system ； Nature treatment ； Domestic wastewater ； Wastewater treatment ficilities

參考文獻

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