- 學位論文
臺灣的憲政改造與兩岸關係--以2005年第七次修憲為例
Taiwanese constitution reform and cross-strait relations --on the example of the seventh constitution amendment of 2005
摘要
回顧整部〈中華民國憲法〉到增修條文，臺灣的憲政改造都受到兩岸關係的影響，例如臨時條款的產生是為了因應國共內戰，而臺灣過去七次的憲改，也一直受到北京政府的關切及來自華府的壓力，而有一定程度的妥協。 臺灣的憲政改造也牽動著兩岸關係，因為憲法的修改可能牽涉到政府體制、國家定位、甚至關係到國家的符號、國家的認同等。而牽動兩岸關係結構的「國家定位」一旦有所變動，所涉及的就是兩岸彼此間的政治定位以及國際地位的變化。其實只要看北京政府對我國歷次修憲的態度就可以知道，北京方面對臺灣的修憲總是特別關切，卻從來沒有表示過歡迎。不過憲改本來就在彰顯一個國家的主權意涵，所以臺灣的憲政改造與兩岸關係彼此牽動、相互影響這是必然的。 因此本文探究的是作為一個主權國家，台灣憲政發展的根本問題，就是如何調整這部當初以中國大陸為對象制定的〈中華民國憲法〉，使其適合今日乃至未來台灣的發展，成為一個正常化的國家？而臺灣的憲政改造既牽動著兩岸關係，是否可以透過臺灣的憲改達到兩岸關係正常化的目標？如果可以，又要如何做？臺灣的憲政改革與兩岸關係之間互動的模式，相互影響的關鍵又是什麼？ 在本文的研究中，首先將兩岸關係視為一個依變項，其中兩岸的政治局勢、國際環境的變遷、人民主觀的意向、甚至美國因素都是不可忽視且必須考慮的自變項，然而憲政改造過程中，兩岸關係又是憲政改造的自變項，影響憲政改造的進程，而憲政改造後也影響兩岸的定位，此時兩岸關係是其依變項。因此，臺灣的憲政改造與兩岸關係互為因果，相互影響，筆者試圖以第七次修憲為例，分析其與兩岸關係之間的因果關係及影響層面，也試著釐清臺灣憲政改造過程中所面對的中共挑戰，臺灣如何透過憲改來因應，並找出新的憲政改造方向。 本文研究發現台灣的憲政改造深受中共及美國影響、第七次修憲對兩岸關係有正面的影響且台灣國家正常化是兩岸關係正常化的基石。並建議台灣未來應藉憲政改革突顯人權立國，鞏固國家主權，並應積極向國際宣示台灣憲政改造的精神與經驗，未來更應藉憲改確認國家定位，突破兩岸困境。
並列摘要
If we look back at the Constitution of the Republic of China and all the amendments, it can be noted that the constitutional reforms have always been influenced by cross-strait relations. For example, the temporary articles were enacted in response to the civil war between the nationalist government and the communist party. All seven constitutional reforms of Taiwan have also been closely followed by Beijing and pressured by Washington, hence certain necessary compromises were made. The constitutional reforms of Taiwan affect the cross-strait relations as well, because the modification of the constitution might concern the government system, the status of the nation, or even the national symbol and identification. So long as the “national status,” which involves the structure of cross-strait relations, is changed, the political recognition and the international status across the Taiwan strait will be affected. If one takes a look at the attitude of the Beijing government towards our numerous constitutional reforms, one can conclude that while Beijing has always taken especially keen interest in Taiwan’s constitutional reforms, it has never expressed any encouragement for such reforms. That said, constitutional reforms are meant to accentuate the essence of national sovereignty, so it’s a given that constitutional reforms of Taiwan are bound to affect cross-strait relations. Therefore, this thesis shall explore the fundamental problems of the constitutional development of Taiwan as a sovereign nation, meaning how to modify the Constitution of the Republic of China, as modelled for Mainland China as effective jurisdiction, for it to be compatible to the development of Taiwan today and beyond, towards becoming a normal nation. Since Taiwan’s constitutional reforms affect cross-strait relations, can the goal of normalizing such relations be achieved through constitutional reforms within Taiwan? If so, how? And what would be the key in the interaction between Taiwan’s constitutional reforms and cross-strait relations? In the research conducted for this thesis, cross-strait relations are seen as a dependent variable, while the political climate across the Taiwan strait, the changes in the international situation, the subjective orientation of the people or even the stand of the United States are independent variables that must be taken into consideration. Meanwhile, during the process of constitutional reforms, cross-strait relations should be seen as an independent variable, affecting the progress of such reforms. On the other hand, status across the Taiwan strait will be affected after the reforms, so cross-strait relations are dependent variables in this regard. It follows that the constitutional reforms of Taiwan and cross-strait relations are mutually causative and influential. This thesis takes the seventh constitutional reform of Taiwan as example to analyze its influences from and its impact on cross-strait relations, and also tries to clarify the challenges from Mainland China facing Taiwan during Taiwan’s constitutional reforms, suggest how Taiwan can respond to such challenges, and find a new direction for Taiwan’s constitutional reforms. It is found during research for this thesis that Taiwan’s constitutional reforms are deeply influenced by Mainland China and the United States., and that the seventh constitutional reform of Taiwan has had positive impact on cross-strait relations, as well as that the normalizing of Taiwan as a sovereign nation is the foundation of normalizing cross-strait relations. This thesis goes on to suggest that Taiwan should take the opportunity of constitutional reforms to emphasize human rights as its national beacon, to solidify its national sovereignty, and to declare the spirit and experience of its constitutional reforms to the international community. In the future, constitutional reforms shall further be counted on to confirm the national status and overcome the difficulties in cross-strait relations.