史外傳心－－清初江南遺民詩之生計書寫研究

明清之際的遺民現象蔚為大觀，歷來備受論者矚目。其中，生計課題雖已頗受關注，然論者大多依據傳記與議論，基於道德化傾向，著重闡述從中體現的苦節持守，至於遺民生存的現實難題，以及由之而來對志節的挑戰，尚待進一步細緻的梳理；對於明遺民詩學的探討，也多側重哀感動盪世變、砥礪清峻志節與抵抗新朝統治的書寫面向，看似現實世俗的生計主題便往往不被重視。本論文試圖突破既有研究成果之不足，基於江南地區之遺民數量、治生現象較之其他地域更為豐富，故以江南遺民詩之生計書寫為研究對象，以生命體驗與理想形象為切入進路，析論遺民如何書寫生計難題與從事治生活動的所思所感，從而「史外傳心」，體現遺民現實考量與政治寄託難分難解的生存情境，以及詩學理念與創作實踐的呼應與差異。根據以上思考，本論文展開以下三項論題：　　一、明遺民傳記生計記載的理想形象塑造：明遺民傳記往往記載遺民陷入困窮仍能安貧無怨、拒絕有違義理的援助，至於其家人，若非不被遺民顧念，只能被動受苦，便是主動與遺民一同茹苦守節；在對遺民治生方式的記載中，治生方式的現實謀生意味不高，往往成為遺民品概與志節的象徵；對於遺民之家境富裕與游食、游幕經歷，明遺民錄往往以略而不提維護遺民形象之純粹。由此可見，明遺民傳記的生計記載多為服務於理想形象塑造，更加鞏固「社會本相」的「社會表相」，也一定程度鼓勵與限制明遺民詩生計書寫的主題選擇與書寫模式。　　二、明遺民詩兼具困窮與固窮的生計貧困書寫：遺民既以詩抒洩或自嘲生活匱乏、變賣求生等不盡合乎理想的生命體驗，也試圖在困窮情境中自我塑造志士或詩人的理想形象；此外，面對家人一同為困窮所苦，此類書寫也會表達憐惜、慚愧、視若無睹或感恩成全等多元的所思所感。對理解明遺民生計議題而言，透過此類書寫，更能體會生計困難的遺民挺立人格的艱難與可貴。對理解明遺民詩學而言，此類書寫既有呼應道德性情的固窮形象塑造，亦有自曝淪落、家醜也在所不惜的困窮體驗抒發，既呼應亦不限於明遺民詩學的理念論述。　　三、明遺民詩兼具謀生與謀道的治生方式書寫：依照治生方式之性質與遺民的看法，本論文分為田園、知識、技藝治生與游食、游幕等三種主題書寫加以探討。對理解明遺民生計議題而言，一方面，透過隱喻象徵、連接遺逸典型或自覺的敘事安排，治生書寫得以將謀生的現實行為轉化為謀道的理想形象，從而呼應傳記的遺民形象塑造，另一方面，部分遺民也抒發從事治生必須面對的現實難題、精神負擔，以至於理想失落的焦慮，從而呈現更為深廣的生存情境。對理解明遺民詩學而言，治生書寫既有符合，或至少不違背詩學理念的理想形象塑造，亦有與官員交際的應酬贈答，以及不盡理想的生命體驗抒發，雖然可能違背詩學理念，卻也突破對於明遺民詩學的既定理解，在主題與書寫面向上時有嶄新的開拓。　　透過上述的研究成果，可見明遺民詩之生計書寫既將世俗平凡的生計議題轉化為非凡的遺民志節，又使遺民志節的道德內涵注入日常生活的沉重承擔，足以回應並深化對於明遺民生計議題與詩學理念的既定認識，並為理解清初詩歌之承繼與轉折提供了一扇重要的窗口。

關鍵字

明遺民；生計書寫；江南；生命體驗；理想形象

並列摘要

Researchers are always interested in the topic related to “the Ming loyalists” in the early Qing dynasty. Based on their biographies, researchers usually focus on their self-moral requirement; however, how the Ming loyalists deal with their harsh life and the following challenge of their loyal preservation is seldom answered. Poetry written by the Ming loyalists are often explained to reveal their hardened will to resist the Qing authority, but to disclose their life in poverty. Since most of the Ming loyalists lived in Jiangnan (江南), the dissertation mainly focuses on the poetry writing about Jiangnan loyalists’ livelihood, takes life experience and ideal images as the approach, to discuss their ideology, to reconstruct their picture of politics, to disclose their living experience, to explain the difference between poetic concepts and writing practices. By poetry writing, Jiangnan loyalists could “express the mind out of history narrative. ” (史外傳心). Therefore, following three issue shall be discussed in the dissertation: 1. The Ideal Image Formation of the History Biographical Narrative about the Ming Loyalists’ Livelihood Most of the Ming loyalists confidently live in poverty and refuse any unethical help. Their family usually follow their footsteps. Although some of them are rich or sponsored by the Qing officials, their livelihood is often neglected in records, because the Ming loyalists try to construct their moral image to specify their iron ethic instead of making a living. As a result, biographies mentioning livelihood of the Ming loyalists usually serve to construct an idealistic image, and even to encourage and restrict topics of literatures written by them. 2. The Ming Loyalists’ Poetry Writing about Suffering for and Remaining Calm in Poverty. The Ming loyalists are accustomed to express or to self-deprecate their poor and unsatisfactory lives by poetry. They attempt to morph themselves into their ideal image, a person with iron will; moreover, they sometimes express their sadness, regret, appreciation, or taken-for-granted attitude toward their family in their poetry. Through those poetry, we could understand the paradoxical picture that they firmly withhold their idealistic imagination but undoubtedly express their true, unsatisfactory living condition. We could sometimes find the paradox mentioned above not only echoes but also exceeds to the ideal discourse of the poetics of the Ming loyalists. 3. The Ming Loyalists’ Poetry Writing about the Ways of Making a Living about Considering Morality and Material Life This dissertation would discuss poetry written by the Ming loyalists in the following themes: rural life, art, knowledge, sponsorship, and being a staff of Qing officials. By using metaphor and symbolism, they try to echo themselves to symbolic historical figures, transform their real life into ideal image. On the other hand, their poetry sometimes express their anxiety to lose their belief, a spiritual burden. Understanding poetry of the Ming loyalists, readers could realize their idealistic imagination, social life involving the Qing authority, and thoughts on their imperfect life. Their poetry does not always comply with traditional poetic theme, but sometimes develop a new picture of poetry. 　　The poetry writing of the Ming loyalists’ livelihood not only combine their livelihood with extraordinary morality, but also justify their intention to make a living. It can also provide an important glimpse to understand the transition and inheritance of poetry in the early Qing dynasty.