華人的社會目標與成就動機：以台灣大學生為例

Chinese goals of achievement and motivations: The case of Taiwanese college students

陳舜文(Shun-Wen Chen)

指導教授 ： 黃光國

國立臺灣大學/理學院/心理學研究所/博士(2005年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2005.02079

摘要

本研究主要目的是探討：目標性質的情境因素與成就動機的心理特質，對華人追求成就之心理與行為的影響。根據社會期許與個人興趣兩向度，本研究在概念上區分出三種基本目標類型：社會成就目標、個人成就目標與共同成就目標。基於目標性質分析與華人文化之特性，本研究認為：不同性質的成就目標與動機特質會影響人們在追求目標時表現出的社會心理機制，而且不同類型的目標，也可能引發不同取向之成就動機特質，進而影響追求目標之行為。研究一使用情境模擬法，結果顯示：不同類型之目標情境對於行動者自我情緒、知覺到內團體成員之情緒與面子，具有不同的影響效果。此外，不同目標情境中，受試者的成敗歸因和自我呈現方式也有所不同。研究二的結果顯示：個我取向成就動機與成功時內歸因有正相關；社會取向成就動機則與成敗之後知覺到父母之情緒與面子，以及自我面子有正相關。此外，不同的目標情境可能引發不同取向的成就動機，進而影響個體追求目標的意願。研究三使用半結構式問卷，探索大學生實際生活中的目標範疇，以及社會期許與情緒面子知覺、成功歸因之間的關聯。研究四以情境模擬法，結果顯示：面對目標衝突時，受試者個我取向成就動機愈高，愈傾向直接溝通與自我決定，且愈認為決策容易；社會取向成就動機愈高，愈傾向間接溝通與順從，且愈認為決策困難。

關鍵字

社會目標 ； 成就動機 ； 社會期許 ； 目標衝突

並列摘要

According to the theoretical framework of Chinese life goals, three types of achievement goal—social-constructed goal, personal goal, and joint goal—are conceptualized along two dimensions: social expectation and personal interest. Four studies were launched to study the social psychological mechanism of pursuing achievements related to both properties of goals and individual motivations.
The scenario simulation method was adopted in Study 1. It was found that subjects showed different patterns of perceived emotion and social face for themselves and significant others, along with their attributional styles and self-presentational strategies of success and failure in pursuing different types of achievement goal. Study 2 showed that individual-orientated achievement motivation was positively correlated with inner attribution in success, while social-orientated achievement motivation was positively correlated with perceptions of emotion and social face of self and significant others. Furthermore, individual motivations related to subjects’ commitments of future goal pursuing in different situations of goals.
In study 3, a semi-structured questionnaire was adopted to study university students’ perceived social expectations from parents and friends on several domains of life goals. The relationships between social expectations and perceived emotions, social faces, and attributions of success were also investigated. In study 4, subjects were asked to judge their methods of resolution when facing a scenario of interpersonal conflict about goals. The results showed that individual-orientated achievement motivation was positively correlated with direct communication and self-determination style of conflict resolution, while social-orientated achievement motivation was positively correlated with indirect communication and compliance.
Implications of above results along with characteristics and meanings of social expectation on achievement goals in Chinese culture were further discussed.

並列關鍵字

conflict of goals ； social expectations ； social-constructed goals ； achievement motivations

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