意識在跨時間語意整合中扮演的角色之探討

Role of Consciousness in Temporal Integration of Semantic Information

田詠瑄(Yung-Hsuan Tien)

指導教授 ： 葉素玲

國立臺灣大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201610394

摘要

語意整合是理解閱讀內容的必要歷程。先前研究發現單字字義可以在無意識下被處理；然而，多個序列呈現的字是否可以在無意識下被整合，仍有待釐清。在本研究中，我們採用連續閃爍抑制（Continuous Flash Suppression，CFS）派典，在受試者的其中一眼依序呈現中文四字慣用語的前三個字，同時在另一眼呈現連續閃爍的高對比刺激以遮蔽文字序列。隨後會出現一個目標字（可能為正確的結尾、錯誤的結尾、或假字），受試者必須判斷該目標字為真字或假字，並報告他們是否看到先前被遮蔽的字。在實驗一中，除上述無意識情境外，我們加了一個有意識的情境，即同時在雙眼依序呈現文字刺激於高對比閃爍背景上，並同時記錄行為反應與腦波訊號。實驗結果發現，在看得到前三個字的情況下，相較於錯誤的結尾，受試者對正確結尾的目標字反應時間較快，N400振幅也較小，反映出慣用語序列可以在有意識的狀態下被整合。然而，若前三字被遮蔽，則反應時間與腦波皆無顯著差異。儘管在後續實驗中，我們嘗試提升統計考驗力（實驗二）與對前三字的注意力（實驗三），仍重複驗證此結果，即無意識下沒有語意整合的促進效果。總結來說，本研究發現意識確實在跨時間語意整合中扮演一個重要的角色。

關鍵字

語意 ； 跨時間整合 ； 連續閃爍抑制 ； 無意識處理 ； 意識

並列摘要

Previous studies showed that word meaning can be processed unconsciously; however, whether temporally segregated words can be integrated into a meaningful phrase without consciousness remains unknown. We presented the first three words of Chinese four-word idioms sequentially to one eye, and dynamic Mondrians to the other, followed by an unmasked target: a congruent ending, an incongruent ending, or a non-word. The lexical decision task and a visibility check to the masked words were adopted. In Experiment 1, we compared the invisible condition with a visible condition where the preceding words were superimposed on the Mondrians and presented to both eyes. We found faster RTs and smaller N400s to the congruent endings in the visible condition. However, the congruency effect vanished when words were invisible, which was replicated despite enhancing statistical power (Experiment 2) and top-down attention (Experiment 3). Our findings suggest that consciousness plays an important role in semantic temporal integration.

並列關鍵字

semantic processing ； temporal integration ； continuous flash suppression ； unconscious processing ； consciousness

參考文獻

Atas, A., Faivre, N., Timmermans, B., Cleeremans, A., & Kouider, S. (2014). Nonconscious learning from crowded sequences. Psychological science, 25(1), 113 119.

Axelrod, V., Bar, M., Rees, G., & Yovel, G. (2014). Neural correlates of subliminal language processing. Cerebral Cortex, bhu022.

Baars, B. J. (2005). Global workspace theory of consciousness: toward a cognitive neuroscience of human experience. Progress in brain research, 150, 45-53.

Baars, B. J., & Franklin, S. (2003). How conscious experience and working memory interact. Trends in cognitive sciences, 7(4), 166-172.

Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature reviews neuroscience, 4(10), 829-839.