性侵案件之證據法則──判決分析與展望

性侵害犯罪案件的審判，向來被認為是較為困難的案件，也曾產生許多疑義。如果法院審判此種案件所運用的證據法則出現問題，將導致判決的妥適性動搖。我國學說多半集中在討論性侵害犯罪構成要件的適當性，而針對證據法則之研究，也著重於外國法、或僅止於無罪判決之分析，對於我國佔絕大多數的有罪判決，並未詳細釐清。一般而言刑事訴訟事實認定過程中，運用證據法則時產生問題的因素，包括對於鑑定人以及證人的證據調查未盡完善、或者對於部分證據過於注意導致認知偏誤，使法官自由心證的結果遭到扭曲；而性侵害案件因為強暴迷思或其他的刻板印象，更容易出現認知偏誤現象。此外，亦有學說認為，構成要件的基準如果不採用強制手段必要說，則會因為側重被害人內在心理狀態，產生認定的浮動而致使事實認定更為複雜困難。本文欲透過分析我國近年性侵害犯罪之判決，理解我國的性侵害犯罪案件中，法官所適用的證據法則，並且發掘其中真實發生的疑難，以驗證與檢討上述造成事實認定產生問題的因素。本文分析民國105年、106年最高法院性侵害案件的判決以及其事實審判決後，發現其問題主要可以分為三個階層，強暴迷思的問題亦滲入三個階層造成不同程度的影響。證據調查與證據能力層次，出現的問題包括取得兒童或精神障礙者等脆弱被害人之供述時，警察、檢察官誘導或使用偵查輔助娃娃與其他詢問方式過度暗示，家屬過度介入供述等，以及對於鑑定報告的調查過程與待證事實之設定具有瑕疵。證據評價層次，法院對於兒童、精神障礙者為被害人時，較易信任其供述，而使用被害人患有創傷後壓力症候群之鑑定報告，推論其被害陳述憑信性時，則有可能陷入循環論證，法院更有過度評價藥劑殘留於被害人體內之鑑定等問題；最後心證形成層次，法院錯誤適用超法規補強法則，不僅並未得出合理且具說服力的證據結構，反而造成其運用和構成要件事實無關聯性的證據認定被告構成要件該當，如此自由心證運作的結果，無法排除所有對被告有罪的合理懷疑。對於改變構成要件的基準是否能改善事實認定，本文認為，強制手段必要說之適用並不會減低證明困難、積極同意模式也並未在程序中提供被害人更多保障，因此並非理想的事實認定改善策略。基於判決的分析，本文指出真正應該從事的是使法官接受證據構造論與證據相互影響論的想法，並在進行性侵害審判時，首先建立證據核心，再進一步以其他資訊進行核對驗證，以一定步驟認定事實。具體而言，針對鑑定報告的濫用，應該落實使鑑定人到庭接受訊問的制度，釐清其施作鑑定的原理與過程，並且注意前提資訊應該與之隔離；而被害人供述取得的問題，則應該採納NICHD所建議的詢問方式，建立使被害人能安心供述之環境。為確保證據的互相影響效應能被適度控制，應該貫徹準備程序中，由受命法官排除無證據能力證據之規定，並限制其他未參加準備程序之法官之閱卷權限，避免違法取得或其他不適格的證據汙染審判者對其他證據的評價。最後，針對心證形成時可能的偏誤，應該改革判決的格式，要求法官將所認定事實與所依憑證據即推論過程詳細對應，放棄團塊式寫作，以使法官有自我省察的機會；並配合檢察官改革起訴書狀的格式與論告方式，圖像化的建構檢察官認為被告有罪的證據與事實之關聯性，以提供法院更有結構的判斷依據。

關鍵字

性侵害；證據法則；事實認定；自由心證；認知偏誤；證據構造論；證據相互影響論

並列摘要

The trial of sexual assault criminal cases has always been considered very difficult and has generated many questions. If the court wrongfully applies the rules of evidence in the trial of such cases, it will lead to poor judgments. Theories in Taiwan focus mostly on the appropriateness of the sexual assault elements, while the research on the law of evidence only analyses foreign law or the acquittal cases. Rules of evidence used in most of the guilty cases of sexual assault have not been clarified. Generally speaking, the factors leading to the error of fact finding in criminal proceedings, including the lack of complete investigation of the expert witness and the victim, or the excessive attention to the partial evidence causing cognitive bias, will result in the distortion of Free Evaluation of Evidence through Inner Conviction. Sexual assault cases are more likely to be cognitively biased because of rape myths or other stereotypes. In addition, some scholars believe that if the force model is not taken, which means the compulsion element of crime in sexual assault is not required, it will be more complicated and difficult in fact finding procedures since the court will focus on the internal psychological state of the victim and give uncertain judgements. This thesis intends to analyze the judgments of sexual assault in Taiwan in recent years, understand the rules of evidence applying to the court decisions in sexual assault cases in Taiwan, explore the actual problems, and verify whether the factors mentioned above are reliable. By collecting and analyzing the Supreme Court decisions in sexual assault cases in 2016, 2017 and their trial on matters of fact, the problems can be mainly divided into three levels. The problem of rape myths also permeates at these three levels and causes different degrees of influence. In the level of evidence investigation and the admissibility of evidence, problems might be generated while inquiring vulnerable victims such as children or people with mental disorders, including the misuse of anatomically correct dolls, excessive hints, detection or suggestion by the police or prosecutors, and over-intervention of confessions by victim’s family members. Furthermore, the investigation procedures in the identification process and the establishment of factum probandum might have flaws. The problems in the level of evidence evaluation includes the court’s belief that testimonies of child and mentally handicapped victims are more likely to be trustworthy, inferring the evidence of the victimization simply by using the victim's identification report of post-traumatic stress syndrome, which may fall into a circular argument, and over-evaluating the identification of drug residues in the victim's body. In the level of making decision, the court's application of the corroboration rule does not result in a reasonable and convincing evidence structure, but instead using evidences not related to the element of crime in sexual assault. The operation of the Free Evaluation of Evidence through Inner Conviction cannot rule out all reasonable doubts about the defendant’s guilt. Based on the analysis above, this thesis argues that because the force model application won’t mitigate the difficulty of proof, and the“only yes means yes” model does not provide the victim more protection in the procedure, changing the criteria for the element of crime in sexual assault, as some scholars suggest, is not an ideal way to improve fact finding in court. What should really be done is to make the judges accept the evidence construction theory and The Cross-Influence of Evidence, follow certain steps in the fact finding when conducting sexual assault trials, and establish evidence cores to further verify other information. Specifically, to reduce the misuse of identification reports, the appraiser should be inquired in court to clarify the principle and process of the identification, and the premise information should be isolated from it. To solve the problem of the victim's testimonies, the method of inquiry suggested by NICHD should be adopted, which establishes a safe and comfortable environment for the victims when they were testifying. In order to ensure the effects of the mutual influence of evidence can be controlled to a certain extent, the court should implement the evidence segregation measures in the law of Preliminary Proceeding. That is to say, the examining justice is the only one to determine evidence permissibility. After Preliminary Proceeding, other judges in the same case but have not participated in the Preliminary Proceeding will only have the authority to examine the case file and evidence-permissibility- guaranteed evidence, so as to ensure the illegally obtained evidence or other unqualified evidence will not pollute the evaluation of other evidence. Finally, in order to avoid the bias of the decision making, the judges should have their opportunity to self-examine. The format of the court’s judgment should be reformed, and the judges should be required to correspond evidence with factum probandum rather than keep the ill-structured writing during inference process. Last but not least, prosecutors should also reforming the format and method of indictment, and visualize the correspondence structure between facts and evidences so as to make the court believes the defendant is guilty.

並列關鍵字

Sexual Assault ； Rules of Evidence ； Fact Finding ； Free Evaluation of Evidence through Inner Conviction ； Cognitive Bias ； Evidence Construction Theory ； The Cross-Influence of Evidence