農企業創業意圖之前置因素與其影響

農業是國家經濟發展的基礎產業，面對高度自由化、劇烈氣候變遷、自然資源侷限、農產品供應不穩定，以及銷售通路不充足等發展問題，各國政府都積極規劃相關政策，以協助農業進行轉型與升級，亦包括臺灣在內。而創業，對於一個國家的經濟成長有很大的影響力，創業精神不但可以促使經濟活動熱絡，也可以幫助國家有穩定的發展。因此，導引年輕的優質人力進入農鄉創業，以解決現有困境，讓農業也能帶動國家經濟發展，成為各國政府的施政主力。臺灣政府亦積極推動各項農業創新創業的輔導政策，而這些投入農業創業的新血，也為臺灣農業帶來蓬勃發展的嶄新氣象。臺灣農企業創業目前正處於萌芽階段，雖然泰半屬於中小型規模，但對於本土農業的未來發展卻有深遠的影響。很多特定領域的創業研究，會起始於探究創業家的創業意圖，因為創業意圖即是個人對於特定目標的注意力、經驗，和行為的心智狀態。因此，本研究聚焦在探索「農企業創業意圖之前置因素與其影響」。本研究整合創業行動理論（entrepreneurial event theory）與計劃行為理論（theory of planned behavior），再依據臺灣農業環境及農企業創業的特殊性，進行變項的適域化及農業化，擴充或轉換變項為「創業態度與使命感」、「創業警覺性」、「社會責任」、「創業自我效能」，以及「社會資本與支持」，以期更貼近臺灣農企業創業的情境。此外，本研究重新建構農企業創業意圖的研究架構，開發出一份具備高信度與高效度，且更貼近臺灣農業情境之農企業創業意圖調查量表。本研究針對農場第二代、農企業管理階層、農委會青年農民代表、農會與農業生產合作社從業人員、農民學院學員，以及對農業有興趣的潛在農企業創業家等對象發放問卷，回收1,476份問卷，有效問卷為1,286份，再應用SPSS統計軟體進行資料分析，研究各變項之間的關聯性。本研究結果顯示，「創業態度與使命感」、「創業自我效能」與「社會責任」等自變項對農企業創業意圖具有顯著的影響。「創業態度與使命感」和「創業自我效能」的影響力較大，「社會責任」雖達顯著，但影響力偏弱。進一步分析自變項各因素對農企業創業意圖的關聯性，前三大影響因素依序為「創業態度」、「規劃溝通」，以及「農業使命感」，「評估和判斷」與「凝聚型社會資本」兩項因素雖已達顯著水準，但影響力偏弱。其他因素的影響則均未達顯著水準。此外，本研究人口變項之變異數分析結果顯示：「農業使命感」及「掃描和搜尋」對創業意圖的影響存在有兩性差異；「規劃溝通」明顯會隨著年紀增長而壯大其影響力；學歷越高者「創業態度」的影響力便會越大；年收入越高者「創業態度」和「規劃溝通」對創業意圖的影響力會越大，但「農業使命感」的影響力則會減弱；從農時間越長者其「創業態度」對創業意圖的影響力會越大，但「農業使命感」的影響力則會降低；從農身分對創業意圖的影響力略顯分歧，其中「創業態度」對農家子弟更會有影響，而「規劃溝通」則對跨域從農者影響力明顯更大；另外，沒有創業經驗者其「農業使命感」對創業意圖的影響會比有創業經驗者更大。綜合以上分析，本研究發現，創業意圖前置變項的因素結構及其對創業意圖的解釋力，會因為產業別與涉入該產業的人士狀態而有差異。本研究亦發現，人口變項對於創業意圖的影響，也會因為產業別與涉入該產業的人士狀態之不同而互異。因此，施政機構可依據本研究發現，進行更有效的資源配置，規劃創業輔導策略及培訓活動（如強化潛在創業家的創業態度與使命感，並發掘創業需求等），亦應依照農業經驗、從農時間，農家子弟或是跨域從農等不同背景，給予適性的措施和方案，以提高其農業創業意圖，吸引對農業有興趣的人士投入農業，滿足或超越10年培育3萬農業大軍投入農業職場的新政目標。

關鍵字

社會責任；社會資本與支持；創業自我效能；創業意圖；創業態度與使命感；創業警覺性；農企業創業

並列摘要

Agriculture faced with development challenges such as the high degree of liberalization, climate change, natural resource limitations, and a lack of sales channels, national governments, including Taiwan, have been actively crafting policies to help their agricultural sectors to transition and upgrade. Entrepreneurship plays an influential role in a country’s economic development as it can promote economic activity. Therefore, Taiwan’s government has been actively promoting various support policies related to agricultural innovation and entrepreneurship, and the infusion of new blood into agricultural entrepreneurship will create a vibrant environment for Taiwan’s agricultural industry to flourish in. In Taiwan, agribusiness entrepreneurship is currently in its infancy. In many specific fields, entrepreneurship research starts with an exploration of entrepreneurial intentions, as such intentions reflect the mental state of an individual with respect to specific objectives. This study thus focused on examining the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions and their influence on agricultural entrepreneurship. In the study, the entrepreneurial event theory and theory of planned behavior were incorporated, and the study’s variables were adapted and “agriculturized” by considering the characteristics of Taiwan’s agribusiness entrepreneurship environments. The variables that were expanded or converted were “entrepreneurial attitude and sense of mission,” “entrepreneurial alertness,” “social responsibility,” “entrepreneurial self-efficacy,” and “social capital and support.” The study also reconstructed the research framework for agribusiness entrepreneurial intentions, and developed a questionnaire that was adapted to Taiwan’s agricultural environment and possessed a high degree of reliability and validity. The questionnaire respondents for this study included second generation of farm owners, agricultural managers, the young farmer representatives, staff members of agricultural associations and agricultural production cooperatives, students from The Farmers’ Academy, and potential agribusiness entrepreneurs who are interested in the agricultural industry. 1,476 questionnaires were collected, of which 1,286 were valid. Data analysis was then conducted using SPSS to examine the correlation among the involved variables. The results indicated that the independent variables which had significant influences on agribusiness entrepreneurial intentions were “entrepreneurial attitude and sense of mission,” “entrepreneurial self-efficacy,” and “social responsibility.” A further analysis was carried out to examine the correlation between the independent variables' factors and agribusiness entrepreneurial intentions. The top three influencing factors were revealed, in descending order, to be “entrepreneurial attitude,” “planning and communication,” and “agricultural sense of mission.” Although two variables, “evaluation and judgment” and “bonding social capital,” reached a significant level, their influences were comparatively weak. The influences of the other factors did not reach a significant level. Furthermore, an analysis of the variance in the demographic variables indicated the following: that gender differences affected the influence of “agricultural sense of mission” and “scan and search” on entrepreneurial intentions; that the older a respondent was, the greater the influence of “planning and communication”; that the more highly educated a respondent was, the greater the influence of “entrepreneurial attitude”; that the higher a respondent’s annual income was, the greater the influence of “entrepreneurial attitude” and “planning and communication” and the weaker the influence of “agricultural sense of mission” on entrepreneurial intentions; that the longer the period of time a respondent has spent on agricultural work, the greater the influence of “entrepreneurial attitude” and the weaker the influence of “agricultural sense of mission” on entrepreneurial intentions; that the influence of agricultural identity on entrepreneurial intentions diverged slightly, with “entrepreneurial attitude” having a greater influence on members of farming households and “planning and communication” having a significantly greater influence on cross-domain farmers; and that the influence of “agricultural sense of mission” on entrepreneurial intentions was greater among respondents with no entrepreneurial experience than among those who had entrepreneurial experience. The above analyses showed that the factor structure of the antecedent variables (of entrepreneurial intentions) and its explanatory power with respect to entrepreneurial intentions will differ depending on industry type and the state of the individuals involved in the industry. The study also found that the influence of demographic variables on entrepreneurial intentions will differ depending on industry type and the state of the individuals involved in the industry. Therefore, administrative institutions can refer to this study’s findings in order to carry out resource allocation more effectively, to develop entrepreneurship guidance strategies and training activities (e.g. to strengthen the “entrepreneurial attitude and sense of mission” of potential entrepreneurs and uncover entrepreneurial needs), and to implement the appropriate measures and solutions based on an individual’s demographic background (agricultural experience, period of time spent in agricultural work, and agricultural identity). In doing so, they will be able to increase entrepreneurial intentions in the agricultural industry.