非農藥防治資材對蔬菜作物藥害之研究

The phytotoxicity of non-pesticide materials on vegetable crops

吳穎俐(Ying-Li Wu)

指導教授 ： 孫岩章

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/植物病理與微生物學研究所/碩士(2006年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2006.02837

摘要

中文摘要
近年來減少農藥用量的觀念越來越普及，消費者購買沒有使用農藥的農產品之意願提高，生產者也配合這個趨勢改變以往慣行農業的作業。但減少農藥的使用需要安全且有效的替代品，這些資材通稱非農藥防治資材。為了了解這些資材施用於植物是否會造成不利的影響，本研究乃選擇數項常見又容易購得的產品，對數種植物進行試驗。
在第一部分初步的試驗係以稀釋50倍與100倍的泡舒 (PAOS)、沙拉脫 (SALATT)、Tween20 和碳酸氫鈉 (NaHCO3) 等水溶液，噴灑劍葉萵苣 (Lactuca indica L. form. indivisa (Maxim.) Hara)、甘藍 (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)、包心芥菜 (Brassica juncea)、黃花芥藍 (Brassica oleracea)、青花菜 (Brassica oleracea var. italica)等五種植物。噴施試劑後發現所有試劑的藥害中皆以壞疽病斑為最主要，但介面活性劑類則另有變形之病徵，碳酸氫鈉未見葉片變形但其壞疽會脫落成穿孔。清潔劑中以泡舒和沙拉脫較易產生壞疽，Tween20的藥害較輕微。
因初步試驗後發現有些新葉會出現變形病徵，其可能為遺傳基因之受害，即已影響基因或其表現，故在第二部分增加數種植物以測試藥害慢性徵狀之新葉病徵及嚴重度。使用的植物有草莓 (Fragaria ananasa)、芥藍 (Brassica oleracea L. var. Acephale Group)、青梗白菜 (Brassica rapa L. Chinesis Group)、蕹菜 (Impomoea aquatica)、及胡瓜 (Cucumis sativus L.)；清潔劑為泡舒、沙拉脫、及海倫仙度絲 (HEAD & SHOULDERS)。草莓以上述三種清潔劑處理後會有新葉變形卻無明顯壞疽，推測其葉片較強健對試劑較不敏感。其餘蔬菜以稀釋100、200、500、1000、2000倍的泡舒、沙拉脫、海倫仙度絲做試驗。結果青梗白菜的新葉有葉片捲曲、皺縮、及向下生長的慢性病徵。急性病徵以壞疽為主，泡舒與沙拉脫還會造成亮銅斑與銀白。芥藍出現藥害壞疽斑的臨界濃度大約是100-200倍，青梗白菜約500-1000倍，小胡瓜則是100至2000倍都有。
第三部分對環境衛生用藥進行測試，觀察其對植物之藥害。本試驗選擇三種油性殺蟲劑噴效、紅恐龍、克蟑，以及二種水性殺蟲劑噴效、黑貓。植物使用番茄 (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) 與葉萵苣 (Lactuca sativa L.) 二種。所有殺蟲劑皆在噴施隔天出現壞疽，以紅恐龍最為嚴重。兩種水性殺蟲劑處理的葉萵苣一週後出現白化斑，克蟑處理的葉萵苣一週後出現葉捲曲的現象。所使用的殺蟲劑皆為氣壓式噴霧罐，為了解其中含有的推進劑是否會對植物產生藥害，另選擇三種噴霧劑蕊娜制汗爽身噴霧試驗、絲逸歡造型定型霧、花仙子SPA空間香霧，進行試驗，結果發現三種噴霧劑對植物皆無影響。

關鍵字

藥害；界面活性劑；蔬菜

並列摘要

English Summary
As the concept of using less pesticide arouses, consumers tend to buy agricultural products without chemicals, which leads the producers to change their traditional pest control measures using a lot of pesticides. Instead of chemical pesticides they use safe and efficient materials in replacement, which are referred as non-pesticide materials. To understand whether these materials cause damage or not to the plants applied, this experiment chose some popular materials to try on plants.
In the first part of this experiment we diluted PAOS, SALATT, Tween20 and baking powder (NaHCO3) 50 and 100 times and spread them on lettuce (Lactuca indica L. form. indivisa (Maxim.) Hara), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), leaf mustard (Brassica juncea), Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea), and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Results show that necrosis appears to be the major symptom of every reagent. The surfactants also cause distortion other than necrosis and baking soda doesn’t, but the necrosis lesion of baking soda will eventually fall off and cause shothole. Of all the reagents PAOS and SALATT cause necrosis more serious than others, and Tween20 causes less phytotoxicity.
In the former experiment some new grown leaves were found with symptoms of distortion; this was thought as damage to the genes and their expression. Because of this, several kinds of plants were added to the second part of this experiment to test the severity of phytotoxicity and their chronic symptoms. The plants used in this part were strawberry (Fragaria ananasa), Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. Acephale Group), ching chiang pai-tsai (Brassica rapa L. Chinesis Group), water convolvulus (Impomoea aquatica) and cucmber (Cucumis sativus L.). The reagents used were PAOS, SALATT and HEAD& SHOULDERS. After strawberries were treated with the reagents above, leaf distortion appears on new grown leaves but necrosis barely occurs. The other plants treated with PAOS, SALATT and HEAD&SHOULDERS showed that ching chiang pai-tsai is the only plant that expressed leaf curl, distortion, epinasty and color adding on new grown leaves, whereas the acute symptom is mostly the necrosis. However, PAOS and SALATT also cause bronzing and silvering lesions on both Chinese kale and ching chiang pai-tsai. The number of dilutions which is the threshold to inducing phytotoxicity necrosis of Chinese kale is about 100-200 times, ching chiang pai-tsai about 500-1000 times, and cucumber ranges from 100-2000 times for these detergents.
The third part of the experiment is a test on the phytotoxicity of household insecticides on plants. Three oil-based insecticides Pen Shiaw, Puff Dino, Keh Chon and two water-based insecticides Pen Shiaw and Black Cat were sprayed on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Every insecticide caused severe necrosis on the next day, but Puff Dino is the most severe. Lettuce treated with two water-based insecticides appear with symptoms of albino a week later, and lettuce treated with Keh Chon appears with symptoms of leaf curl a week later. As all of the insecticides contained the CFC as propellant aerosol, to find out whether the propellant in these cans is phytotoxic or not, three aerosol sprays including Rexona deordorant, Sifone hair spray and Spa aroma spray, were used in the same test. Results show that these three aerosol sprays have no effect on the plants.

並列關鍵字

phytotoxicity ； surfactants ； vegetable

參考文獻

6. 楊麗珠。1994。農作物農藥之藥害。稻香文化事業股份有限公司。

1. 林俊義、安寶貞、張清安、羅朝村、謝廷芳。2004。作物病害之非農藥防治技術。農委會農試所出版。台中。

13.Cairns R.R. 1972. Effects of surfactants applied to samples of Solonetz soil on water penetration and plant growth. Can. J. Soil Sci. 52:267-269.

14.De Wolf, W., and Feijtel T. 1998. Terrestrial risk assessment for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in sludge-amended soils. Chemosphere 36:1319– 43.

15.Di Corcia, A. 1998. Characterisation of surfactants and their biointermediates by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. (A) 794:165– 85.