水庫生物相調查與生物鏈方法處理水庫優養化 現象之研究-以新山水庫為例

Investigation of the Fauna and methods of Food Webs to Improve the Eutrophication in the reservoir－take the Xin-Shan Reservoir for an example

葉益良(Yi-Liang Ye)

指導教授 ： 陳弘成

國立臺灣大學/生命科學院/漁業科學研究所/碩士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2007.02792

摘要

本研究之目的在瞭解水庫水生生物之生態並提出利用生態工法來改善台灣水庫優養化的現象，由於優養化會引起大量藻類繁殖，而導致新山水庫水質不佳、自來水處理之困難，因此我們藉由每季進行的實地調查來了解水庫裡的生物組成及食物鏈之關係，其中尚包括微細浮游動物之動態，藉以設計出適合新山水庫的生物鏈的處理方法。結果發現水庫生態高度穩定，水質介於輕微到中度有機物污染，尚達不到優養化之地步，水表之葉綠素a的含量最多，但都在7~21μg/l之間，但中、下層很少不超過5μg/l。水庫內之浮游動物以Eodiaptomus japonicus、Bosmina longirostris、Macrocyclops albidus含量最多，其有垂直分佈之現象，所代表的水質是βms-os之水體，微細浮游動物則以原生動物的Trachelomonas sp.為最多。水庫內之水生昆蟲及底棲生物相當少，只在岸邊多生。魚類計有20種以黑鰱及餐條最為重要。
　　本研究以水中葉綠素a濃度為基礎，魚類食性為輔，發現使用本土種且具有經濟價值之淡水圓蚌( Anodonta woodiana )，來作為濾除水中藻類的生態方法頗具可行性，利用藻類吸收營養鹽、圓蚌食用藻類、再將圓蚌移除之方式而達到降低水庫營養鹽能量的目的。同時藉由收成插核圓蚌亦可達到珍珠之收穫，一舉兩得。故以本論文於研究室中進行圓蚌的藻類濾除試驗，以期在未來田間試驗放養圓蚌中能夠有所依據，達到最經濟的且有效的處理效果。另一方面亦吊掛在水庫進行初步的圓蚌適應與成長試驗，結果發現圓蚌濾食藻類之效果良好且圓蚌放養在水庫之存活率在7~8成左右，頗具可行性。最後本文亦探討水庫中各種生物相所組成的食物鏈對於水庫水質的影響，對於水庫水質沒有幫助反而易造成水質更加惡化的生物，像是吳郭魚、鯉魚，我們建議移除之。
總結之在水庫中放養魚貝類時需要經過審慎評估，不可貿然實行，否則對於水庫反而引起傷害。

關鍵字

優養化 ； 生態工法 ； 生物鏈 ； 圓蚌

並列摘要

The aim of this research was to investigate the fauna of the Xin- Shan Reservior，and we try to use the ecological engineering for controling the eutrophic reservoir in Taiwan. Hence, we carried out the investigation of biological composition and linked the feed web relationship of aquatic biota，especially the fauna. The result shows that the ecosystem of the reservoir is rather stable. The contents of chlorophyll a in the water surface is between 7~21μg/l and the lower layer is under 5μg/l. The most dominant species of nannoplankton is Trachelomonas sp. and the most abundant of zooplankton are Eodiaptomus japonicus、Bosmina longirostris and Macrocyclops albidus. These zooplanktons represent the water quality ranged between βms-os，and they has the phenomenon of vertical distribution. The aquatic Insect and benthic fauna are rare only found along the coast of the reservoir. The fish contains 20 spieces，and the Aristichthys nobilis and Hemiculter leucisculus are the two most important.
　　Base on content of chlorophyll a and feeding type of fish and shellfish a food web methods was designed to control eutrophilication. The native freshwater bivalve，Anodonta woodiana, was selected as a filter to remove the algae in the water. The result is quite satisfied and promising. Furthermore，we cloud harvest the pearl from bivalve. Therefore，the experiment of clearance rate and filter rate of Anodonta woodiana was done in the lab to verify its effectiveness. In addition，the freshwater bivalve can survive well in the reservoir.
　　Finally, we discuss the effect of water quality by fauna and food webs composition，and it is suggested to remove of the fish like Oreochromis sp and Cyprinus carpio carpio can further improve the water quality.

並列關鍵字

eutrophication ； ecological engineering ； food web ； Aodonta woodiana

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