出土《尚書‧商書》相關文獻研究

本文以《尚書‧商書》與相關出土文獻為核心，檢討文獻校讀與互證問題。「尚書新證」是百餘年來《尚書》研究的重要議題，近年來大量戰國竹簡出土，又促進了這一方面的研究。本文第二章討論「書類文獻」的範疇，在近年出土竹簡中書類文獻的歸屬，應參考《漢書‧藝文志‧書類》的分類，較為合適。接著第三章聚焦《尚書‧商書》，反思王國維、于省吾以來以出土文獻考證《尚書》的成果與方式。討論所利用之甲骨卜辭、青銅器銘文、簡牘帛書作為釋讀的材料，是否合適，或是本身舊注就有可採之處。本文認為，除了有材料比附之外，前後文義的貫通，更為關鍵。在第四章、第五章討論出土文獻中與《尚書‧商書》相關者，其中多半圍繞著伊尹、傅說二人。與伊尹相關者，有〈叔夷鐘〉、郭店和上博〈緇衣〉引《書》，以及上博二〈容成氏〉、清華參〈良臣〉等。真正屬於書類篇章的，有清華壹〈尹至〉、〈尹誥〉二篇。此二篇都是講述伊尹與商湯對於夏桀的敵情分析，確定雙方意志，且如何使民眾歸服。過去〈咸有一德〉在偽古文中為大甲時之事，《史記》載於商湯即位天子後之事。根據〈尹誥〉內容，是在商湯滅夏之前，而非商湯即位，或大甲之時。與傅說相關者，有郭店〈唐虞之道〉、上博五〈鮑叔牙與隰朋之諫〉、清華參〈良臣〉。在上博五〈鮑叔牙與隰朋之諫〉所載，殷高宗武丁在祭祀中遇到「雊雉之異」，這對於《尚書‧高宗肜日》，過去有認為是武丁之子祖庚主祭，提出了反證。本文檢討「祖庚祭主」說的材料，認為應是「武丁祭主」。真正屬於書類篇章的，為清華參〈傅說之命〉上中下三篇。過去《尚書‧說命》都被認為是魏晉時所偽託，根據清華簡的出土，更可以證明這一點。清華參〈傅說之命〉的內容，除了有傅說出身於胥靡等，與其他傳世文獻相應的記載；也有傅說奉命出征得勝等，未見於傳世文獻之事。

關鍵字

尚書；出土文獻；清華簡；二重證據法；新證；書類文獻

並列摘要

This research focuses on “Shang Shu of Shang Shu” (《尚書‧商書》, Book of Documents in Shang dynasty) and related archeological find documents, and further reviews the issues of document proofreading and mutual verification. “New Evidence” has been an important topic in the study of “Shang Shu” (《尚書》, Book of Documents) over the past 100 years. In recent years, a large number of bamboo and wooden strips from the Warring States period have been unearthed, which has further promoted the research in this area. The second chapter of this research discusses the scope of “Shang Shu-type documents”. For the classification of book-like documents in bamboo slips unearthed in recent years, it is more appropriate to refer to the classification of “shu lei of yi wen zhi of han Shu” (《漢書‧藝文志‧書類》, Shang Shu category of Treatise on Literature of Book of Han). The third chapter is devoted to “Shang Shu of Shang Shu”, reflecting on the results and methods of Wang Guowei and Yu Xingwu's textual research on “Shang Shu” from unearthed documents, discussing whether the oracle script, bronze inscription and posy, bamboo slips and silk manuscripts used as materials for interpretation and reading are appropriate, or the old comments themselves can be used. This study believes that in addition to the material that can be used for farfetched comparison, the interpretation of the previous and subsequent articles is even more critical. In Chapters four and five, this research discusses the unearthed documents related to “Shang Shu of Shang Shu”, and most of the materials focus on Yi Yin and Fu Yue. As for those related to Yi Yin, there are “Shuyi Zhong”, “Zi Yi” (〈緇衣〉, black robes) in Warring States Chu Bamboo Strip of Guodian and “Zi Yi” (〈緇衣〉, black robes) in Warring States Chu Bamboo Books Housed at the Shanghai Museum (Vol. 1) cited in “Shang Shu” (《尚書》, Book of Documents), as well as “Rong Cheng shi” (〈容成氏〉, Progenitor Rong Cheng) in Warring States Chu Bamboo Books Housed at the Shanghai Museum (Vol. 2), s “Liang Chen” (〈良臣〉, good minister) in Warring States Bamboo Slips housed at Tsinghua University (Vol. 3) etc. Among the chapters that really belong to the “Shang Shu-type documents”, there are “Yin Zhi” (〈尹至〉, Yi Yin arrived) and “Yin Gao” (〈尹誥〉, Yi Yin’s Remonstrates) in Warring States Bamboo Slips housed at Tsinghua University (Vol. 1). These two articles are all about Yi Yin and Tang of Shang's analysis of the enemy of Jie of Xia, so as to determine the will of both parties and how to make the people subdue at that time. The previous “Xien Yu Yi De” (〈咸有一德〉, Having the same point of view) was the story of Da-Jia in the pseudo palaeography, while in “Shi Ji” (《史記》, Records of the Grand Historian) it was included in the story of Tang of Shang's enthronement. According to the content of “Yin Gao”, it was before Tang of Shang eliminated the Xia Dynasty, not when Tang of Shang came to the throne, nor was it the time of Da-Jia. Related to the Fu Yue, there are “Tang Yu Zhi Dao” (〈唐虞之道〉, The way of Yao and Shun) in Warring States Chu Bamboo Strip of Guodian, “Bao Shu Ya Yu Xi Peng Zhi Jian” (〈鮑叔牙與隰朋之諫〉, Bao Shu Ya and Xi Peng’s Remonstrates) in Warring States Chu Bamboo Books Housed at the Shanghai Museum (Vol. 5), and “Liang Chen”. In “Bao Shu Ya Yu Xi Peng Zhi Jian” in Warring States Chu Bamboo Books Housed at the Shanghai Museum (Vol. 5), Yin Gaozong (Wuding) encountered the Difference of Gou Zhi during the execution of the sacrifice. The above content argues against Wuding’s son Zugeng as the chief priest in “Gao Zong Rong Ri of Shang Shu” (《尚書‧高宗肜日》, Day of the Supplementary Sacrifice of King Gao Zong), and then provides counter-evidence. This research reviewed the material on Zugeng's theory of being the chief priest, and concluded that Wuding should be the chief priest. The ones that really belong to the “Shang Shu-type documents” are the three chapters of “Fu Yue Zhi Ming” (〈傅說之命〉, appoint Fu Yue) in Warring States Bamboo Slips housed at Tsinghua University (Vol. 3). In the past, “Yue Ming of Shang Shu” (《尚書‧說命》, appoint Fu Yue of Book of Documents) was thought to be forged during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. According to the unearthed Warring States Bamboo Slips housed at Tsinghua University, this argument can be further proved. The content of “Fu Yue Zhi Ming” in addition to Fu Yue's birth in Xu Mi and corresponding records in other handed down documents, but also Fu Yue's acceptance of orders to expedition and victory, etc. which have not been seen in handed down documents.