「帝國邊疆」與「滿洲原鄉」：清朝前中期吉林地區之治理情境與政策運行（1644-1860）

關於「滿洲」政權與清帝國之性質，近年來無疑備受學界矚目，惟至今似乎尚無定論。本研究認為若能在既有研究成果的基礎上，適度納入族群理論中「建構論」之洞見，或可有效另闢蹊徑從一相對完整之視野持續深入探討這個課題。本研究嘗試以清朝前中期之吉林地區為例，闡述此處何以被官方視為「滿洲原鄉」，而此一特殊定位又與其原有之「帝國邊疆」處境如何相互影響。在上述問題之綜論下，官方塑造「滿洲」之理念及其具體實踐的微妙歷程，應能從不同角度被重新領會。本研究指出清朝入主中原後，皇帝基於鞏固政權的考量，逐步順應時勢擬定一「雙調和策略」以達到整合「傳統漢制」與「滿洲舊俗」之效，而東北邊疆尤其是吉林地區即在此策的出現下，開始日益承擔關鍵之「滿洲原鄉」職責。不過吉林地區因終究地處偏遠，導致清朝君臣於此執行日常行政、軍事邊防與經濟開發等要務時，勢必得不斷審慎面對「帝國邊疆」與「滿洲原鄉」兩種角色何以兼容，且於某些時刻仍須有所取捨之重要課題。本研究一方面旨在細緻討論清朝吉林地區許多重要政策之意涵，並藉此具體而微地說明「滿洲」與清帝國的特殊性，另一方面亦希冀透過吉林之個案分析，為「族群」概念之理解與運用提供些許反思。

關鍵字

清帝國；滿洲；八旗制度；吉林；邊疆；族群性

並列摘要

Despite the fact that the nature of the Manchu regime and the Qing empire has been the subject of enormous scholarly attention for decades, it seems that this issue remains unsettled to date. Therefore, it is suggested in this research that if we could, based on work of previous researchers, introduce the constructionist approach into the analysis, this methodology borrowed from ethnic studies would help branch out into new directions and continue to dig deeper into the subject from a broader and comparatively more holistic perspective. This research uses Jilin area during 1644-1860 as a case study, trying to enunciate how this region was regarded as “the homeland of Manchu” by the Qing officials and how this special position interacted with its original status as “the frontier of the Qing empire”. By addressing this issue, we might gain a new understanding of the intention behind the shaping of “Manchu” identity by the Qing emperors and the delicate process of its performance. It is pointed out in this research that after the transition from Ming to Qing, in an attempt to consolidate the political control of the empire, the emperors progressively formulated a “bi-compromising strategy” with an aim of integrating the “Chinese political traditions and norms” and the “Manchu custom”. Hence, the northeast frontier, especially the Jilin area, began to play the vital role of the “Manchurian homeland”. However, in spite of being considered vital from an ideological perspective, the Jilin area remained after all geographically remote and peripheral. While the Qing emperors and officials performed administrative, military, economic affairs of Jilin, the two different roles that Jilin played seemed to conflict. In fact, it was difficult to fulfill one without failing the other at some crucial moments. On the one hand, this research constitutes an attempt to produce a detailed analysis of the meaning of the political policies imposed on the Jilin area during 1644-1860, which fully manifested the distinctiveness of the Manchu and the Qing empire. On the other hand, it is hoped that this in-depth case study of Jilin will shed new light on the use and the understanding of the concept of ethnicity.