我國「基本工資」憲法規範基礎與內涵建構之研究

A Study on the Constitutional Basis and its Connotation with regard to “Basic Wage” in Labor Standards Act

高稹(Chen Kao)

指導教授 ： 許宗力

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/法律學研究所/碩士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201800242

摘要

工資最低標準制度屢經變遷，導致勞動基準法第21條第1項之基本工資，其保障意涵不甚明確，引起諸多爭議。本文旨在從規範面探討基本工資之憲法基礎，並建構基本工資之內涵。
本文整理比較法上最低工資之憲法規範模式，分別為美國之「政策模式」、多數中東歐後共產國家之「權利模式」，與德國之「價值模式」。本文分析民生福利國原則、憲法第15條之工作權與第153條第1項「制定保護勞工之法律」之基本國策規定，應為基本工資之憲法規範基礎，此一規範設計趨近德國基本法形式，應為「價值模式」之展現。對於基本工資之制定與調整，立法者應享有廣泛立法形成空間。基於法律保留原則之要求，基本工資之制定，應以法律為之。其次，經社文公約因兩公約施行法之生效而內國法化，本文梳理經社文公約與憲法之互動關係，認為經社文公約第7條第1項第2款「維持本人及家屬符合本公約規定之合理生活水平」之規定，應有形成基本工資內涵之功能，因此基本工資之調整，應考量人民之生活成本與客觀經濟社會條件之發展。
最後，本文提出若干對於基本工資制度之修正建議：包括用語改易問題，未來可能之修法或立法方向，歸納「基本工資之制定」、「基本工資之調整」事項之違憲審查標準選擇與論證過程。

關鍵字

基本工資 ； 最低工資 ； 工作權 ； 基本國策 ； 經社文公約 ； 社會權 ； 勞動基準法

並列摘要

As the labor law changed rapidly, the true meaning of “basic wage” which prescribed in Paragraph 1, Article 21 of Labor Standards Act of 1984 has become blurred and thus disputes on its legitimacy and implementation are happening incessantly. Therefore, this thesis purports to visit the constitutional basis and it connotation on the “basic wage” in Labor Standards Act.
To institute and enforce the minimum wage stipulations for the labor protection, this thesis concludes that there are three regulatory models in view of comparative constitution law: first, the minimum wage as statutory policy in the United States (policy-model); second, as the constitutional right in many post-communist countries in East-Central Europe (right-model); and the last as the practice of “Sozialstaatsprinzip” in Germany (value-model). This thesis proffers that the constitutional basis of “basic wage” in Labor Standard Act is akin to German model as of its system design and realization, since “the Principles of People's Livelihood” as the important constitutional value, also as the fulfillment of the Right of Working in Article 15, and “to Enact Laws for Labor Protection” in Paragraph 1, Article 153 of the Constitution have formed, a “value-model”, as revealed in the existing Constitution in Taiwan.
For the purpose that the “basic wage” legislative designs will be able to achieve the aims to protect the workers in satisfactory extent which is the constitutional endowment with its connotation, it is undoubtedly a broader space should be offered to the legislative branch for legislative discretion. However, with the “Act to Implement the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” promulgated in 2009, the normative effects of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereinafter referred to as ICESCR) must be observed. This thesis suggests that Article 7(a)(ii) in ICESCR shall be interpreted as “basic wage”. That is to say, “basic wage” must achieve the goal of bringing up “a decent living for themselves (workers) and their families in accordance with the provisions of the present Covenant”. Thus, “basic wage” that provides a decent living must be determined by reference to outside factors such as the cost of living and other prevailing economic and social conditions.
Lastly, this thesis suggests that it is necessary to correct the phrase “basic wage” for “minimum wage”. Moreover, the Labor Standards Act shall be amended or alternatively to enact an independent “Minimum Wage Act” conforming the “Gesetzesvorbehalt”. While the “basic wage” being subject to the judicial review, a standard of “Rational Basis Scrutiny with Bite” is recommended for means-end scrutiny. Besides implementing the principle of proportionality on the restriction of the Right of Property in Article 15 of the Constitution, the Constitutional Court must also examine rationality of the “basic wage” adjustment.

並列關鍵字

“Basic Wage” prescribed in the Labor Standards Act ； minimum wage ； the right of working ； fundamental nation policies ； International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ； ICESCR ； social rights ； the Labor Standards Act.

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