陽明山四種共域猛禽於繁殖期間之食性研究

The Diets of Four Sympatric Raptors in Breeding Seasons at Yangmingshan

黃光瀛(Kuang-Ying Huang)

指導教授 ： 林曜松

共同指導教授 ： 劉小如(Lucia Liu Severinghaus)

國立臺灣大學/生命科學院/生態學與演化生物學研究所/博士(2004年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2004.10383

摘要

摘要

本論文探討陽明山地區共域的松雀鷹(Accipiter virgatus)、鳳頭蒼鷹(Accipiter trivirgatus)、大冠鷲(Spilornis cheela)與蜂鷹(Pernis ptilorhynchus)四種猛禽於繁殖期間食物資源利用之情形。於1993年至2002年研究期間，分別以直接觀察法、食殘法與食繭法收集此四種猛禽之食物種類與頻次，並依此估算各鷹種之食物生物量、食物多樣性與食性寬度，同時比較種間食性之異同。結果顯示，此四種共域猛禽之食物多樣性、食物平均程度及食性寬度各不相同。鷹種間使用不同的食物資源(包括綱別、種類組成及種類生物量組成)。松雀鷹之食物共紀錄871筆，分屬5綱30類型，其中鳥類不論以頻次(58.1%)或生物量(84.8%)而言均為松雀鷹最主要的食物；鳳頭蒼鷹之食物共紀錄621筆，分屬5綱41類型，其中以鳥類(頻次42.5%，生物量51.4%)及哺乳類(頻次19.2%，生物量45.4%)為主。大冠鷲之食物共紀錄86筆，分屬5綱21類型，其中爬蟲類 (頻次70.9%，生物量64.3%)為大冠鷲之主食。蜂鷹之食物總共有123筆紀錄，分屬3綱8類型，其中昆蟲類(胡蜂) (頻次78.9%，生物量83.5%)為其主食。雖然松雀鷹與鳳頭蒼鷹雖有較高的食物種類重疊度，但此兩種鷹捕食之獵物體型有所區隔。松雀鷹以體型較小的獵物為主食，鳳頭蒼鷹則以體型較大的獵物為主食。松雀鷹與蜂鷹於繁殖期間有明顯之食性轉移現象，因此呈現月份間變化。其中松雀鷹由鳥類轉移到昆蟲類(熊蟬)，而蜂鷹由兼食兩生類及爬蟲類轉移到完全以昆蟲類(胡蜂)為食。此外，本研究結果亦顯示不同食性觀測法之適用性及效能隨食物類型及鷹種而異。就整體效能而言，松雀鷹以食殘法較佳，而鳳頭蒼鷹以直接觀察法較優。而合併食殘法與食繭法之結果，可測出食物類型比率或單位時間測得之食物類型數目及食物樣本數均明顯增加。

關鍵字

鳳頭蒼鷹 ； 松雀鷹 ； 陽明山 ； 東方蜂鷹 ； 猛禽 ； 大冠鷲 ； 食性

並列摘要

Abstract

The diets of four sympatric raptors, i.e., Besra Sparrowhawk (Accipiter virgatus), Crested Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus), Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela), and Oriental Honey Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) in breeding seasons were studied from 1993 to 2002 in Yangmingshan area, northern Taiwan. Three approaches, including direct observation, food remain method and pellet method, were applied to study prey samples in nesting places. Prey types and frequency were recorded to measure prey biomass and food diversity. The prey compositions and food niche overlap among raptors were also quantified. As a result, food habits of the four sympatric raptors varied in food diversity, food evenness, and food niche breadth. The food resource partitioning among these four raptors included prey class, prey frequency composition and prey biomass composition. In a total of 871 prey items of Besra Sparrowhawk, 5 classes and 30 prey types were recorded. Birds were the major prey in both frequency (58.1%) and biomass (84.8%). The prey composition of Crested Goshawk in 621 prey items included 5 classes and 41 prey types. Birds (42.5% by frequency, 51.4% of total biomass) and mammals (19.2% by frequency, 45.4% of total biomass) were the major preys. In 86 prey items of Serpent Eagle’s diet, 5 classes and 21 prey types were verified. Reptiles (70.9% by frequency, 64.3% of total biomass) were the major food of this species. Three classes and 8 prey types were included in Oriental Honey Buzzard’s 123 prey items which insects (paper wasp) were the most important prey (78.9% by frequency, 83.5% of total biomass). Although the Besra Sparrowhawk and Crested Goshawk has a higher overlap in prey composition, their prey sizes are quite different. The Besra Sparrowhawk fed on smaller preys while Crested Goshawk on larger ones. During the breeding season, obvious prey shifts were found in Besra Sparrowhawk and Oriental Honey Buzzard. Besra Sparrowhawk shifted their prey from birds to insects (cicada) while the Oriental Honey Buzzard changed its role from an irregular frog and lizard forager to a wasp specialist. A comparison was made for the various methods applied in this study in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency, advantages, and disadvantages. The food remain method worked best for Besra Sparrowhawk. Direct Observation method worked best for Crested Goshawk. However, combining food remain and pellet methods not only improved the proportion of prey types and prey items identified, but also the efficiency per unit time.

並列關鍵字

Raptor ； Yangmingshan ； Accipiter trivirgatus ； Diet ； Accipiter virgatus ； Spilornis cheela ； Pernis ptilohynchus

參考文獻

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