電磁鋼片於非正弦波下之鐵損及諧波特性的量測與研究

A Research in the Iron Loss and Harmonic Characteristics of Silicon Steel Sheets Operated Under Non-Sinusoidal Waveforms

吳政儒(Cheng-Ju Wu)

指導教授 ： 顏家鈺

國立臺灣大學/工學院/機械工程學研究所/博士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2012.03309

摘要

電磁鋼片主要是用來作為電機機械中的導磁媒介，經過激磁之後就會產生良好的磁性。如何使電機機械達到高效能的使用是很重要的議題。鐵損值是電磁鋼片非常重要的品質管制項目，現今機械設備多操作在非正弦波下，這使得鐵損值的變化將不會像以往的單純。研究重點在於靜態電磁鋼片操作非正弦波電壓波形下的電磁特性分析，包括多功能量測系統軟硬體的建置、環形可拆式框架的設計以及電磁鋼片在非正弦波電壓波形下的電磁特性分析。
實驗上参照IEEE以及ASTM標準規範，開發完成電磁鋼片之自動化電磁特性量測系統。並在以環形電磁鋼片為實驗基礎下，設計一組環形重複可拆式量測框架。量測上適用於高頻率(50–5,000 Hz)、高磁通密度(0.2–1.9 T)、高溫度(25–300 oC)以及不同厚度電磁鋼片的量測。具有良好的鑑別性，且可操作在正弦波與非正弦波電壓波形下。
研究內容分為三個部分：（一）設計一套可重複使用的標準化環形框架量測治具，開發完成多功能電磁鋼片之自動化電磁特性量測系統。（二）討論不同操作電壓波形、調變參數以及形狀因子係數對於鐵損大小的影響。並且藉由分析感應電壓的總諧波失真因數THDV-R來衡量電磁鋼片能量損失的程度，得知操作波形與鐵損值大小的趨勢。（三）分析電磁鋼片操作在非正弦波下的磁滯曲線組成（主磁滯曲線Major loop、小磁滯迴圈 Minor loop），探討小磁滯迴圈所產生的原因以及所造成的影響。並且透過改變調變參數，計算小磁滯迴圈所產生的鐵損佔總鐵損的比例。使得在馬達控制與設計中，避開操作在不當的非正弦波電壓下而產生的額外能量損失。
本研究藉由一開始的基礎實驗之紮根，然後完成硬體量測設備的設計，到最後實驗的核心：電磁鋼片操作在非正弦波電壓下的能量損失之討論分析，做了深入的研究與分析。藉由上述實驗結果的分析，可以得到電磁鋼片的鐵損損失與操作波型、調變參數之間的聯結。以便將來應用在馬達或是變壓器的設計上，使其可以操作在較低能量損失的電壓波形下，而且在操作上顯得更為有效率。

關鍵字

鐵損 ； 電磁鋼片 ； 環形電磁鋼片 ； Epstein測試器 ； 脈寬調變 ； 諧波分析 ； 磁滯曲線

並列摘要

Electronic machinery such as motors, transformers, and power generators is essential and common in daily life. Such equipment generally employs silicon-steel sheets as the material for the iron core. The different thicknesses and types of silicon-steel sheets used in the manufacture of various types of electronic machinery results in significant differences in efficiencies, characteristics, and energy losses.
Motors are now often supplied with a sinusoidal pulse-width-modulation (SPWM) input from electronic controllers rather than with a traditional sinusoidal waveform input, which makes it necessary to characterize the electromagnetic properties of silicon-steel sheets under nonsinusoidal waveforms such as SPWM.
In order to experimentally determine the iron losses and harmonic characteristics of silicon-steel sheets operating under nonsinusoidal waveforms, including in the research and development of a silicon-steel-sheet measurement system, a reusable and standardized toroidal test frame for testing toroidal laminated silicon-steel sheets was designed, and the electromagnetic properties of silicon-steel sheets operating under nonsinusoidal waveforms were analyzed.
This study referred to IEEE and ASTM standards when self-designing a detachable standardized toroidal test frame for measuring the iron losses of toroidal laminated silicon-steel sheets and for determine the effects of winding tolerances to allow precise comparisons of the characteristics of similar devices. The test frame can be used to measure the electromagnetic characteristics of various thicknesses of laminated silicon-steel sheet at high frequencies (50–5,000 Hz) and high magnetic flux densities (0.2–1.9 T). Moreover, it can withstand high temperatures (25–300OC) for a short period and can be operated under both sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal voltage waveforms.
The experimental content of this dissertation is divided into three parts: (1) research and development of a silicon-steel-sheet measurement system and the development and design of a reusable and standardized toroidal test frame; (2) analysis and discussion of the effects of the operating voltage waveform, modulation index, total harmonic distortion, and form-factor coefficient on the iron loss of silicon-steel sheets; and (3) analysis of the major and minor hysteresis loops when silicon-steel sheets are operating under nonsinusoidal waveforms. Moreover, the operation of laminated silicon-steel sheets under different modulation indexes and the excitation of secondary hysteresis curves relative to the total iron loss are discussed.
The results obtained for the relationship between the iron loss and modulation index in current electrical-motor designs incorporating silicon-steel sheets and operating under nonsinusoidal voltage waveforms such as SPWM, pulse could help to identify motor designs and voltage waveforms that produce smaller iron losses and higher working efficiencies.

並列關鍵字

Iron loss ； Silicon steel sheet ； Toroidal silicon steel sheet ； Epstein frame ； PWM ； Harmonic analysis ； Hysteresis curve

參考文獻

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