從歐洲戰略自主角度論析德國國防軍角色之研究(2006-2021)

2015年歐洲的難民危機，在歐盟當時的戰略架構中，成員國發生了不合作的動盪，恐怖主義的威脅也不斷增加，烏克蘭危機與北約引起了交互作用，尤其是英國脫歐之後，產生了極大的變化。2016年6月「歐盟對外行動署」發布了「歐盟外交與安全政策的全球戰略」，這項戰略明示了歐洲內外部威脅的脆弱性，也確認「戰略自主」為歐盟的核心目標，重申在人權、軍事能力和反恐戰略上，採取一致的外交和安全政策。2016年德國國防白皮書中，更界定了聯邦國防軍針對不斷改變的政治、社會、經濟與科技等面向，持續進行調整。德國基本法規範聯邦國防軍所有軍事的行動，尤其是涉及到國土防衛以外的軍事行動，這項戰略行動如何強化其軍事防衛能力，是一項重要的課題。德國作為歐盟的主導國之一，其經歷了戰敗的歷史教訓，在國際的制約之下，德國謀求「雙軌戰略」，一、繼續與美國保持良好關係；二、發展歐洲獨立防衛，尤其是擔當北約的另一支柱，嘗試以自己的方式理解和推進歐洲的「戰略自主性」。尤其是在聯邦國防軍轉型過程中，在不斷變化的環境中精進與提升，強化其戰略行動能力，肩負起維護歐洲安全的責任。在現今21世紀的國際體系裡，正處於全球化與區域化重組的過程，沒有任何一個國家得以倖免，德國身為歐陸的雙頭馬車之一，基於國際間日益增多的互動與安全考量下，德國聯邦政府更應不斷強化經濟整合與落實集體防衛的概念，才是德國聯邦政府必須嚴謹面對的課題。未來惟有透過合作、互信以及共識的發揮，才能面對國際政治的挑戰，在「常勢」與「變勢」的智慧展現下兼容並蓄，才能積極地擺脫「經濟巨人，政治侏儒、軍事冷感、心理矛盾」的國際形象，進而才能形塑成為歐洲區域安全的穩固磐石。

關鍵字

歐盟全球戰略、戰略自主、聯邦國防軍

並列摘要

In the EU's strategic framework at the time, the refugee crisis in Europe in 2015 caused the EU member states to plunge into a state of non-cooperative turmoil. And at this time, with the threat of escalating terrorism and the interaction between the Ukraine crisis and NATO, especially partnering with the Brexit, the European Union has since undergone considerable changes. In June 2016, the European External Action Service published “The Global Strategy for the European Union's Foreign and Security Policy,” a strategy that highlights Europe's vulnerability to its own internal and external threats and confirms strategic autonomy as the core objective of the EU. Meanwhile, that also is a reaffirmation of the countries unanimously having adopted a coherent foreign and security policy on human rights, military capabilities, and counterterrorism strategies. The 2016 National Defense Report further delineates the Bundeswehr need to frequently adjust its guidelines and procedures in response to the continuous political, social, economic, and technological dynamics and changes. The Grundgesetz (Basic Law) regulates all military operations of the Bundeswehr, especially those involving military operations other than homeland defense. Thus, how this strategic operation strengthens its military defense capability has become an urgent and vital issue. In reality, Germany is one of the leaders in the EU and has learned its historical lessons from the defeat in World War II. Accordingly, under the international disciplines, Germany has sought a “dual-track strategy” to, first, continue to maintain good relations with the United States, and second, develop an independent defense of Europe, especially as another pillar of NATO, attempting to comprehend and promote the “strategic autonomy” of Europe in its own way. Germany, in the changing environment of refinement and upgrading, especially in the Bundeswehr transformation process, ought to strengthen its strategic action capabilities, shouldering the responsibility of maintaining European security. In this day and age, the world in the international system of the 21st century is in the process of globalization and re-organizational regionalization, a process no country can be spared. As Germany is one of the bellwethers of Europe, based on the increasing international interaction and security considerations, the German federal government should continue to strengthen economic integration and implement the concept of collective defense, an issue that the German federal government must confront seriously. In the future, only through cooperation, mutual trust, and consensus can Germany take up international political challenges amid constant and changeable conditions and demonstrate its wisdom through compatibility and inclusiveness. As a result, hopefully, it can simultaneously and actively shake off its international images of “an economic giant, political dwarf, and military worm” and “being in a state of psychological contradiction.” In turn, it can shape itself into a solid rock of regional security in Europe.