國際人權保障觀點的日本難民制度研析-以難民勝訴判決為例

日本於1981年加入聯合國「難民地位公約」及「難民議定書」，正式成為接納全球難民的締約國。但長期以來國際社會對日本接納難民數量低落有相當嚴厲批評，為擺脫「難民鎖國」負評，日本自2005年起取消「60日規則」及導入難民審查參與員等制度。由於難民認定基準仍無明確規範，行政機關擁有極大裁量權限，導致每年獲得合法難民身分人數仍持續低迷。本文將從研析難民國際法地位、聯合國難民署(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , UNHCR)功能及日本難民認定制度沿革等處著手，挖掘日本難民認定數量低落原因，並比較行政機關不認定處分與司法勝訴判決異同之處。最後，將探討目前中華民國(台灣)外籍與中港澳人士的難民庇護機制，盼能汲取國際人權法與日本經驗作為中華民國(台灣)難民法立法前後的參考，以尋求在目前中華民國(台灣)憲政體制下最佳的全球難民議題解決之道。

關鍵字

聯合國難民署；聯合國難民地位公約；難民認定制度；難民勝訴判決；難民法草案

並列摘要

In 1981, Japan acceded to the U.N. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. However, for a long time the international community has been quite harshly critical of the low number of refugees admitted by Japan. In order to remove the bad reputation of "Refugee Lockdown", the refugee recognition system has been reformed since 2005, including the abolition of "60-day rule" and the innovation of Refugee Screening Committee. Nevertheless, due to the fact that there is still no clear standard for refugee identification and the administrative authorities have enormous discretionary powers, the number of recognized refugees continues to decline every year. The thesis begins with the analysis of the international legal status of refugees, the function of UNHCR, and the evolution of the Japanese refugee recognition system, then explores the reasons for the low refugee numbers and make comparison with court decision and the determination standard of administrative agency. Finally, the current refugee asylum mechanism for foreigners and Chinese, Hong Kong and Macao nationals will also be reviewed and hoped to be revised by learning from Japan's experience and international customs as a reference before and after the enactment of Taiwan's Refugee Law, in fulfilling the thesis’s final goal of seeking the best solution to global refugee issues under the current constitutional system of the Republic of China (Taiwan).