- 學位論文
中共加強執政能力建設—以反腐鬥爭為例
To Enhance Governance Capability of the Communist Party of China —Using the Examples of Anti-Corruption Struggle
摘要
「統一戰線、武裝鬥爭、黨的建設」是中國共產黨在中國革命中戰勝敵人的三大法寶，統一戰線、武裝鬥爭是黨所掌握的兩個武器，這兩個武器唯有在中共的領導下，才能發揮其作用，因此，黨的建設自然成為三大法寶的中心環節。中共自1949年建政以來，不斷透過各式黨建作為形成整風運動，藉以鞏固其統治地位，2004年9月十六屆四中全會提出之「加強黨的執政能力建設」議題，即是因應中國大陸近年發生多次危及執政威信之事件後，中共為延續其執政優勢所進行的黨建作為。然而，在中國大陸民眾切身的感受與國際間對中共的印象上，中共執政能力幾與腐敗劃上等號，官員貪腐情勢實已對中共統治地位造成嚴重挑戰，故中共如聽任腐敗之風蔓延，自外民心，終將為人民所背棄，自我摧毀執政地位，因此，現階段反腐鬥爭勢必成為中共黨建的關鍵重點。 本論文係由下述三個面向來作探討：一為歸納整理中共自1979年以來，以反腐鬥爭為中心之黨建作為，並嘗試連繫其與加強統治、執政地位間之因果關係。二為綜整中國大陸腐敗犯罪之類型、特徵與發展趨向，並分析其發生之原因，另歸納腐敗對中國大陸在政治、經濟、社會上所造成之損失、危害，證明貪腐情勢確已動搖了中共之執政地位。三為中共現階段為加強執政能力，勢必以反腐鬥爭作為黨的建設重點，因此，本文試圖在中共現行之反腐策略、行動等作為，予以檢討評價，同時找尋出對執政能力建設有正面助益的機制，並期能對中共反腐鬥爭之展望提出評估。 中共歷經「運動反腐」、「權力反腐」、「制度反腐」等階段，反腐事業從未間斷，惟先前所提出之種種反腐機制，往往因時代變遷而遭邊緣化，成為不具實效的樣板政策；從而，新一代領導人上台，即又必須依據現時的政經、社會情勢重新擬具反腐策略，期能遏止腐敗問題的蔓延。因此中共唯有建構一個一以貫之、恆長久遠之反腐鬥爭中心思想，亦即本文結論中提出之〝一個中心—「以人為本」、「以公民為本」之新廉政觀〞與〝兩個基本點—「獨立超然的司法機構」、「領導者的意志與精神力」〞，由此等中心思想出發，復與運作中之各項反腐機制及中共加強執政能力其他建設事項結合，令「制度反腐」形成常模，中共加強執政能力建設之倡議，始具真正的實效。
並列摘要
“A united battlefront, armed struggles, and party reconstruction” are three magic keys of Communist Party of China (CPC) to defeat enemies during Chinese revolutions, among which, the united battlefront and the armed struggles are two weapons in the grasp of CPC and can be brought into full play only under CPC’s leadership. Party reconstruction; therefore, becomes the central link of the three magic keys. Since the establishment of Communism regime in 1949, in order to consolidate its sovereignty, CPC has kept conducting various purge activities through party reconstruction. The theme, “To enhance governance capability of the CPC,” brought up during the Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee in September, 2004 was one of the party reconstruction actions taken by CPC to maintain its superiority in power coping with repeated issues that threaten its prestige and public reliance in recent years. However, governance capability of CPC, either experienced by general Chinese public or an international impression, almost equals corruption. The civil service is riddled with corruption, which seriously threatens the sovereign power of CPC. CPC itself will destroy its reins of governance and be abandoned by the public if it ignores the common aspiration of general people and takes a laissez faire towards corruptive climate. Hence, anti-corruption struggle becomes the key issue in current party reconstruction for CPC. This thesis investigates CPC’s combat against corruption through the following aspects. First, to generalize CPC’s party reconstruction activities focused on anti-corruption since the year of 1979 and try to identify causal relationships between such activities and the efforts to consolidate its sovereignty. Second, to put together the types, characteristics, and trends of corruption in China mainland, analyze root causes; conclude political, economic, and social losses and damages in China mainland resulted from such corruption; and prove that corruption have already shaken CPC’s leadership. Third, in order to remain the core of leadership, CPC has highlighted anti-corruption struggle as the key in current party reconstruction. This thesis reviews and evaluates CPC’s current strategies and actions taken against corruption, and tries to discover the mechanism helpful to the improvement of its governance capability aiming at a forecast on its anti-corruption combat. Through various stages of “anti-corruption in movements,” “anti-corruption in power,” and “anti-corruption in systems,” CPC has never stopped its efforts in the combat against corruption. However, previous anti-corruption mechanisms tended to be peripheralized and became sample policies without actual effects, while with the new leadership coming into power, in order to stop the spread of corruption new anti-corruption strategies will have to be drafted in accordance with the new political, economic, and social situations. For this reason, CPC will only have to establish a permanent central theme of anti-corruption to run through it all, which is the conclusion of this thesis: “One core—a new anti-corruption concept, “based on people,” and “based on citizen.”” “Two basics—“an independent and detached judiciary,” and “the will and spirit of the leaders.”” Starting from this concept, combined with various anti-corruption mechanisms and measures to improve governance capability in operation, “anti-corruption in systems” will become a regular mode, and the decree to enhance governance capability will bring into actual effects.