- 學位論文
蘇共黨對東正教的政策1917-1939
A Study of Russian Communist Party's Policy towards Orthodox Church 1917-1939
摘要
宗教是一種重要的文化社會現象，對國家的政治、經濟均有深刻的影響。東正教在俄羅斯的歷史上一直扮演重要角色，與俄國的政治、社會生活密切相關。 在俄國悠久的歷史中，以蘇維埃時期最為短暫，僅74年。但是，這時期東正教的處境卻是相當的悲慘。在第二次世界大戰前，教會與蘇維埃政權的關係一直處於最緊張的狀態，國家對教會運用分裂、暴力迫害的手段。在這種情況下，教會領袖為求延續教會生活，不得不尋求其他途徑與政府合作，以保存教會的最低生存權。 本文的主旨在探討1917年至1939年間，蘇維埃政權為了實現消滅宗教的目標，使用所有可能的方式來削弱、鎮壓，最終達到消滅東正教會目的。這些方式包含：暴力活動、殺害神職人員、利用各種陰謀製造教會內部的衝突和分裂。研究國家對教會的迫害及歷史變化的過程，有助於瞭解蘇聯政府的特性和它的政策。這項研究並不容易，因為蘇聯政府的許多活動都屬於秘密行動，並且教會的地位常處於模糊、難以捉摸的地帶，所以很難說明國家與教會之間真正的關係。此外，對教會領袖行為的評價，特別是1927年的「謝爾蓋宣言」，直到今日都是非常具有爭議性的議題。 筆者除了分析1917-1939年代蘇聯政府對教會的政策，同時也探討教會內部「新生教會」的衍生與地下教會的存在等重要部份。最終，了解國家與教會的關係是如何透過不斷地壓迫、抗衡、忍讓，達到各自的目的。
並列摘要
Religion is an important cultural and social phenomenon which exerts profound impact on politics and even economic development. Orthodox Church has always played an important role in Russian history maintaining close ties with Russia’s political and social life. Russia possesses a long history of which most short-lived Soviet period lasted only 74 years. Yet this period was quite disastrous for the Orthodox Church. The relations between the Church and the communist State were most strained before World War II. It was marked by the split in the Church and its violent persecution. In this situation the Church leaders had to work out some sort of cooperation with the government at least for the sake of survival. This thesis aims to examine the relations between the State and the Church during 1917-1939, when the Soviet government in order to achieve its goal of eradication of religion, used all possible methods to weaken, suppress and finally exterminate the Orthodox Church. These methods varied from outright violence and murder of clergy to creating splits and conflicts within Church hierarchy by all kinds of intrigues. The study of these methods and their historical variations helps to understand the nature of Soviet administration and its policy. This study, though, is not an easy matter since many measures undertaken by the Communist administration were secret. Position of the Church for quite a few reasons was in many cases quite ambiguous and elusive too. So the real history of their relations is hard to uncover. Also, the evaluation of actions taken by the Church leaders, in particular the so called “Declaration of Bishop Sergiy” in 1927 is also a controversial issue right to this day. The author analyses the historical stages of government’s policy towards Church in 1917-1939 and the most important trends within the Church itself including so called “Living Church” and the underground Church. Finally, to realize the relationship between the State and the Church is how to keep pressure, counter, tolerance, to achieve their purposes.