以數位設計與製造工具建構木造腔體

木材作為人類最早運用的建材之一，具有容易取得與加工的特性，但在工業化之後逐漸被鋼鐵、混凝土等新式材料所取代。過去木材被認為其材料強度，不足以負荷高層建築的重量；並且木材非規格化的特性，也不符合工業生產的流程。但近年來因為永續發展及環保意識的抬頭，以及工業化的製材方式，增加了木材的強度與加工上之可能性，使得木材重新回到建築的舞台上。　　腔體（Pneus）屬於彎曲活性板結構（Bending-Active Plate Structures），此類結構的特色與以往建築追求堅固、限制變形量有所不同。彎曲活性板結構會使木材處於封閉且緊張的狀態，在受到外力時會藉由形變吸收衝擊，只要外力不超過其承受強度，當外力消失時結構會回復到原本的狀態。為了要達到承受形變的目的，彎曲活性板結構的材料需要具有柔韌且高拉身強度的特性，而木材剛好具備以上條件，因此本研究著重於木材平板的彎曲成形以及曲面腔體分佈之形成。　　本研究分為四個階段：一、以直紋曲面為基礎設計三種類型的木造腔體單元，藉由Grasshopper參數化模型將三維空間中的模型攤平，以利於實體模型的雷射切割製作。二、從前一階段選出適合發展的原型，結合傳統木工藝與數位製造對其進行細部優化，探討其單元構成、複數單元間接合與製作工法的改良。三、對於腔體在曲面上的分割進行改良，將原本以平面化生成單元的方式，改良成為以相鄰單元做為參照進行分割，此方式更加接近腔體構造的特性。四、記錄模型由單元組裝到整體組合完成的過程。　　本研究以木材的發展作為起點，思考如何在當代透過新的技術將木材重新運用於建築上。腔體作為詮釋木材特性的載體，表現出木材柔韌與加工的可能性。藉由數位設計與製造工具的輔助，尋找曲面上適合腔體的建構方式。期望本研究可以提供後續研究者，對於腔體構造有更深入的了解。

關鍵字

木材；參數化模型；數位製造；腔體；彎曲

並列摘要

Wood is one of the earliest materials used in architecture, which is easy to obtain and process. But it has been gradually replaced by new materials after industrialization, such as steel and concrete. In the past, timber was considered not mechanical strength enough to carry the weight of high-rise buildings, and the non-standardized form of timber did not conform to industrial production. However, in recent years, due to the rise of sustainable development, environmental consciousness, and the development in timber production which strengthens and increases the possibilities of timber, timber has returned to the stage of architecture gradually. Pneus is a kind of Bending-Active Plate Structure, which is different from the previous buildings that pursued firmness and limited deformation. Bending-Active Plate Structures can keep the timber in a closed and tense state. When it is subjected to external force, it will absorb the impact through deformation, as long as the external force does not exceed its limit, the structure will return to its original state when the external force disappears. To withstand deformation, the material of Bending-Active Plate Structures needs to have the characteristics of flexibility and high tensile strength, and timber meets the above conditions, so this study focuses on the bending and the forming of the timber plate and the distribution of the pneus. This research consists of four stages: 1. Three types of timber pneus units are designed based on ruled surfaces, and the models in three-dimensional space are unrolled by the Grasshopper, which is beneficial to facilitate the laser cutting of models. 2. Select a prototype which is suitable for development from the previous stage. Optimize its details by traditional wood craftsmanship and digital fabrication, and discuss the improvement of unit construction, joints between units and fabrication methods. 3. To present the characteristics of the pneus, the segmentation on the curved surface is improved, and the original method of generating units by planarization is changed to use adjacent units as a reference for segmentation.4. Record the process from the model unit assembly to overall combination. This study began with the development of timber, considering how to reutilize timber in architecture through new technologies in contemporary ages. The characteristics of the timber are expressed in the Pneus, showing the flexibility of the timber and the possibility of processing. Use digital design and fabrication tools to find the correct construction method for Pneus on surfaces. Hope this study can provide follow-up researchers with a further realization of the Pneus structure.