木構造節點與關節設計之數位構築

構築（Tectonic）是近年來建築討論重要的概念，其緣由可追朔至Kenneth Frampton於1995年所著的，該書的出版將建築的討論帶回到建築的主體以及對於建築構造問題的關注上。伴隨著隨著電腦輔助設計與製造（CAD/CAM）、電腦數值控制工具機（CNC）等技術的發展，讓我們對於建築的構造有了更多的想像。同時參數化建模（Parametric Modeling）的發展、結構分析、與遺傳演算法等技術，也讓建築構造設計產生了了更多的可能性。近年來永續環境成為全球關注的重要議題，建築業是碳排放量非常高的一個產業，成為永續環境所關注減碳的目標。木材因其優異的固碳能力，質地輕、可重複利用的特性，在建築業界受到重視，未來木構造建築的發展方興未艾。本研究著重在定義木構築在數位時代的角色，如何透過結構分析與遺傳演算法的幫助，讓木材料在節點接合處的設計與製造更為多元，並使得木構造構築過程有了更多的新技術之導入。本研究分成為四個部分：一、透過文獻回顧建立數位製造與機器手臂製造的相關知識，並研究木材料相關的加工方式，以及力學分析與遺傳演算法的相關技術。二、利用條狀木材料進行木橋樑的設計與製造，透過CAD軟體繪製搭配遺傳演算法與力學分析進行形態找尋，並使用機器人離線編成與機器人製造進行加工程序的設計與實際橋樑模型的製造。三、利用板狀木材料進行塔狀木構築的設計與製造，進行板狀木頭卡榫的試驗，透過參數化軟體繪製不同的板狀卡榫，並利用CNC技術及機器人離線編程技術進行製造，再以力學分析及遺傳演算進行塔狀構築的設計與製造。四、設計完成橋樑構築的設計與數位製造。過去在面對較複雜的木構造系統，需要極為精湛的工藝技術，同時所需花費的時間、成本與經費，在效益上不高。而過去缺乏電腦輔助設計的協助，在發展新形態構造的力學分析上需要花費許多的時間進行嘗試或是仰賴直覺的經驗。本研究利用力學分析搭配遺傳演算法技術，進行多樣化的形態找尋以確保結構的合理性，並透過CNC及機器人離線編程技術及機器人製造的方式進行由節點到完成整體的構築。希望本研究對於力學分析、遺傳演算、機器人離線編程、與數位製造的嘗試，所整合的研究成果可以提供後續研究者參考，在未來面對構築時可以有更多的可行的工作方式。

關鍵字

參數化模型；機器人建造；木構造節點；木構造關節；構築

並列摘要

As tectonic is a critical concept frequently discussed in architecture in recent years, such discussion could be traced as far back as the written work of “Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Architecture”, by Kenneth Frampton in 1995 of which the publication has guided architectural discussions to paying attention to the subject of architecture and the issues of architectural constructs. In the wake of CAD/CAM and CNC technologies developments, we are endowed with more imagination towards architectural structures. At the same time, the development of parametric modeling, structural analysis, and genetic algorithm technology have also imparted more possibilities for architectural structure design. In recent years, environmental sustainability has become an important global agenda, and given that the construction industry is an industry with high carbon emissions, it has become a point of focus for initiatives and goals for carbon reduction in environmental sustainability. With timber’s excellent carbon-fixation capacity, lightweight, and highly reusability, it has been highly regarded in the construction industry with infinite possibilities for timber-structure buildings. This research focuses on defining the role of timber tectonic in the digital age, creating diversity in the design and fabrication of timber joint nodes through the technological aids of structural analysis and genetic algorithms while infusing more new technologies into timber structure tectonic. This research consists of four components, namely (1) To establish relevant knowledge on digital fabrication and robotic fabrication through literature review while researching the associated processing method of timber materials, as well as mechanics analysis and genetic algorithms technologies. (2) Use timber strips to carry out timber bridge design and fabrication, to carry out form search through CAD software complemented by genetic algorithms and mechanical analysis. (3) Use timber planks to carry out tower-shape timber tectonic design and fabrication, proceed with plank-shape timber joint experimentation, and generate different plank-shape joints through parametric software while utilizing CNC technologies and robotics offline programming technology to carry out manufacturing before implementing tower-shape tectonics with genetic algorithms and mechanical analysis (4) The design and digital fabrication of the completed design of the bridge tectonics. In the past, when facing the more complex timber structural system, exquisite timber craftsmanship was required, and at the same time, the time, cost, and budget spent may not be reciprocated with proportional effectiveness. When there was a lack of assistance from CAD, it took a long time to make attempts or rely on intuitive experience to develop the mechanical analysis of new-form structures. This research utilizes mechanical analysis complemented by genetic algorithm technologies to carry out diversified form search to ensure the rationality of the structures while completing the overall tectonics from the nodes up through CNC and robotic offline coding technology and robotic fabrication. This research hopes to consolidate a research result built on mechanical analysis, genetic algorithm, robotic offline programming, and attempts on digital fabrication as a reference for future researchers manifesting more feasible working methods when dealing with tectonics in their future research endeavours.