委內瑞拉國家危機與石油資源的發展和影響

曾經是南美洲最富庶的國家—委內瑞拉，擁有全球第一的石油蘊藏量，而國家發展亦歸功於石油產業，一度讓該國脫離貧窮國家的行列，讓該國成為全球經濟增長的典範。然而，石油能源經常受到國際市場供需機制的限制，使得交易價格經常性的變動，便直接關係到該國的國際地位與國家公共政策的制定和發展。高度仰賴石油經濟的委國，透過租金等外匯收入的分配作為政策預算，以便維繫國家運作順利，促使國家與人民之間的關係更加緊密，進而培養出「食利國家」的態樣。直到2014 年，石油價格發生變化，導致石油收益減少並阻礙國家發展。如今經濟面臨衰退的情勢，惡性通貨膨脹與失業率急速地升高，導致國內衝突與暴力不斷，而形成人口大量外移的現象—難民潮，對於該國而言，是一場嚴峻的考驗。本文從自然資源、國家發展及治理角度切入，來探究委內瑞拉現今所面臨的多重危機，並將其焦點圍繞於石油租金是如何塑造國家與社會之間的關係和發展模式，進而深入研究食利國家的特殊經濟與政治動態。

關鍵字

石油資源；食利主義；國家發展；政策走向；難民潮

並列摘要

Venezuela, once the richest country in South America, has the world's largest oil reserves and owes its development to the oil industry, which once lifted the country out of poverty and made it a model for global economic growth. However, Petroleum is often restricted by the supply and demand mechanism of the international market, so that the regular change of the transaction price is directly related to the international status of the country and the formulation and development of national public policies. Venezuela, which relies heavily on the oil economy, uses the distribution of foreign exchange income such as rent as a policy budget in order to maintain the smooth operation of the country and promote a closer relationship between the country and the people, thus cultivating a "rentier state". Until 2014, oil prices changed, leading to a reduction in oil revenues and hampering the country's development. Now the economy is facing a recession, hyperinflation and unemployment are soaring, leading to conflict and violence in the country and a massive exodus of people, which is a serious test for the country. From the perspective of natural resources, national development and governance, this paper explores the multiple crises facing Venezuela today, and focuses on how oil rents shape the relationship between the state and society and the development model, and then delves into the special economic and political dynamics of rentier states.