- 學位論文
臺日如何建構糧食安全機制－確保糧食生產能力
How can Taiwan and Japan Build Up a Food Security Mechanism to Ensure the Capability of Food Production.
摘要
世界的糧食價格從 2006 年底開始急遽上升二到三倍，結果在世界各地引起了搶購糧食和限制糧食出口的風潮，導致許多窮國發生了糧荒、暴動等嚴重的社會問題。這才讓大家體認到，我們平日賴以生活的世界糧食市場竟然是如此的脆弱，從而讓人開始思考要如何建構糧食安全機制，才不至於在未來可能的糧食危機中受到波及。 本論文的目的在於探究世界糧食市場的問題與糧食危機的成因，並以日本在糧食與農業問題上所採取政策的得失，來喚醒臺灣政府重新認識農業的地位與重要性，建立完整的農業政策，並結合能源與環保，確立我們的糧食安全保障。 一國要保障糧食安全，擁有足夠庫存，就必須在向國外採購和增加國內生產上面著手。但各國糧食生產都是優先供應自國需求，有多餘才會在糧食市場上銷售，因此供應量和價格很容易受到影響而波動，在現今供給成長趕不上需求成長的情況下，加上糧食的分配又受到市場和政治力量的扭曲，而讓窮國難以得到所需糧食，使得糧食危機隨時會因某事件的引爆而再度橫掃全世界。 既然世界糧食市場不穩定，那就必須依靠貿易協定來鞏固糧食進口來源，並加強國內糧食生產能力來補足有事時的緊急需求。日本政府雖一直以提高糧食自給率為目標，但農業卻在過度保護下日趨衰弱，產值跟產量都降到谷底。因此日本政府應跳脫提高糧食自給率數字的迷思，改為發展讓農民能有穩定收益的農業，才能讓農業生產恢復活力，建立起應急的糧食生產能力。 臺灣與日本一樣因農地狹小使農業生產上缺乏競爭力，以至穀物自給率低落，除稻米外的主要穀物幾乎全都仰賴外購。但是臺灣政府卻沒有明確的糧食安全保障機制與政策，對外沒有簽訂保障糧食進口來源的協定，對內也是任憑農地遭侵奪破壞、農地休耕、農人離散。因此臺灣政府除了應趕緊建立糧食進口的貿易協定外，還要將能源政策、環保政策與農業相結合，訂立國家長期發展戰略，藉以保障農民穩定收益、保護農地完整、加強生產指導、減併銷售層次、強化農業生產，才能確保臺灣的糧食生產能力，提供緊急時的糧食安全保障。
並列摘要
By the end of 2006, world food prices had begun to rise between two and three times, causing violent reactions in many parts of the world. These occurrences led many to believe that in ordinary times world food markets need to have in place mechanisms to deal with future imbalances. The aim of this study is to research the causes behind world food market imbalances and crises. This study will also explore the case of Japan’s agricultural issues and policy failure, as well as alert the Taiwanese authorities to the seriousness of these issues. It is proposed that a fully integrated and strategic agricultural policy be implemented to avoid such problems occurring in Taiwan. A country safeguard food safety in three ways: throught domestic production,purchasing from other countries and keeping enough reserve stocks. But a county could sell food, only it has surplus of food. Unfortunately now a days, the need for food is so great that often many countries needs and demands cannot be met. It could cause a “ripple effect” in other countries. Since the world food market is unstable, trade agreements must be implimented to ensure the stability of the food supply, and strengthens the domestic food production ability to provide for emergency. The Japanese government’s goal has always been to be self-efficient with their domestic food supply needs. Unfortunately the agricultural sector of Japan has decreased due to over protection. It seems impractical that Japanese government would only raise it`s food self-sufficiency ratios. Changes need to be made that farmers can keep a stable income. These changes could restore a vigor to the agricultural industry as a whole and help establish the ability to create emergency food production. Due to a small production base, Taiwan and Japan’s agricultural production lacks the competitive power. This has caused the food self-sufficiency ratios are decreasing, and all grain what besides the paddy rice are generally imported from other countries. Unfortunately Taiwan does not have in place an explicit food security safeguard mechanism and policy. No agreements have been signed with foreign governments to safeguard their import to Taiwan, nor holds back farmland to be fallowed or converted to other uses. Because of this, it is imperative that Taiwanese government must establish a grain import trade agreetment immediately, and a unification between the energy policy of Taiwan, the Environmental Protection Agency and the agricultural sector must be established, too. In doing so, Taiwanese government would work out a country long-term developmental strategy. It could create a stable income enviroment for Taiwanese farmers, provide the information of the marketplace, hold back farmland to be converted to other uses, simply the marketing system, and strengthen agriculture production structure. If all of these policies are executed efficiently, Taiwan’s food supply would be secure even in times of emergency needs.