21世紀美國移民政策對墨西哥移民的影響

21 世紀拉丁裔已是美國第二大族群，其中以墨裔移民佔最高比例。政府對移民政策的開放或緊縮態度，影響美墨兩國之間勞動力來往狀況。以美國移民政策與墨裔移民歷史沿革為基礎，本論文主要分析21世紀美國移民政對墨西哥國內經濟、社會安全、人口成長方面的影響。自 911 事件的發生後，小布希政府透過持續加強美墨邊境的管制以及提高申請移民門檻，來達到限制美國境內非法移民與每年新移民的人數成長幅度。墨裔移民方面，雖然每年成長的新移民人數成長幅度不同以往，但在移民鏈的保護下，降低緊縮政策對於境內非法移民的影響。由於共和黨與民主黨長年在移民法案上無法取得共識，而歐巴馬政府為了能夠改善國內境內非法移民問題，則以行政命令的方式，使得符合條件的非法移民免遭受遣返，在這項命令中，以墨裔移民為最大受惠者。另外，2008 年美國爆發次級危機後，工作機會減少，失業率上升，導致每年的墨裔移民成長速度減緩，許多滯留在美國的移民返回墨西哥，僑匯金額也有所下降。最後，本論文簡述川普總統在移民議題強硬的態度，受到國際社會的關注，政府自 2017 年以來，致力於兌現各項競選時的政見，例如：美墨邊境築牆、減少接受難民人數與實施各項緊縮的移民政策…。但根據前兩年任期的統計顯示，對於墨西哥移民的影響效果，並不如川普預期中的明顯。

關鍵字

美國移民政策；墨裔移民；小布希；歐巴馬；川普

並列摘要

In the 21st century, Latinos are the second largest ethnic group in the United States, with Mexican immigrants accounting for the highest proportion. The government's attitude towards immigration policies affects the labor exchanges between the US and Mexico. Based on the US immigration policy and the history of Mexican immigration, this thesis mainly analyzes the impact of the 21st century US immigration policy on Mexico's domestic economy, social security, and population growth. Since the occurrence of the 9/11 incident, the George W. Bush´s administration has continuously strengthened controls on the U.S.- Mexico border and raised immigration thresholds to limit the growth in the number of illegal immigrants and new immigrants in the United States each year. Regarding Mexican immigrants, although the number of new immigrants who grow each year has a different growth rate, under the protection of chain immigration, the impact of austerity policies on domestic illegal immigrants is reduced. Since Republicans and Democrats have been unable to reach a consensus on the immigration bill for many years, the administration of President Barack Obama, in order to improve the problem of illegal immigration within the country, it has adopted an executive order to exempt eligible illegal immigrants from being deported. In this order Among them, Mexican immigrants are the biggest beneficiaries. In addition, after the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States in 2008,job opportunities decreased and the unemployment rate increased, resulting in a slowdown in the growth rate of Mexican immigrants every year. Many immigrants stranded in the United States returned to Mexico and the amount of remittances also declined. The last part of the thesis briefly describes President Trump’s tough attitude on immigration issues, which has attracted the attention of the international community. Since 2017, the government has been committed to fulfilling various political views during the elections, such as building a new wall on the US-Mexico border, reducing the number of refugees, and implementing various policies. A tightening immigration policy... etc. However, statistics from the previous two years of office show that the impact on Mexican immigrants is not as obvious as Trump’s initial appointment.