中國「一帶一路」倡議下石油海上運輸安全之研究

隨著國家發展，人均所得逐漸提高，各國的能源消耗日漸加增，其中又以石油佔有最重要的地位。由於石油與國家安全息息相關，在政治、經濟與軍事上都深受其牽動，故長久以來被各國視為核心利益。中國自改革開放以來隨著經濟的發展，對於石油的需求越來越大，為滿足石油需求與解決國內產能過剩等問題，對此積極找尋出路。中東地區為中國石油進口的主要區域，尤其是中國在石油減產與進口依存度逐漸加大的雙重壓力之下，對該地區的依賴程度逐漸加大。事實上，中國因遠離世界石油主要產區與中亞地區局勢不利陸上管線運輸等因素，使其大多數的石油係藉由海上路線實施運輸。惟其運輸路線遙遠且途經地緣政治複雜之地區，故往往受到來自美國與印度等區域大國之軍事壓力，以及海盜襲擾與恐怖主義攻擊等威脅，對中國國家能源安全造成嚴重影響。有鑒於此，中國自2013年起先後提出「絲綢之路經濟帶」與「21世紀海上絲綢之路」（合稱為「一帶一路」倡議），藉「一帶一路」倡議加速與加深對沿線國家之合作，獲取通道戰略要港之控制權；與此同時，透過此倡議投資沿線國家建設港口等基礎設施產生之債務，加深對他國之控制，逐漸掌握國際話語權，並化解區域國家對其在南海造島建礁、在海外建立軍事基地與發展遠海投射兵力等反彈聲浪，在此重要能源運輸通道建立起堅強的防禦手段，建立起石油海上運輸安全通道，進而達到能源運輸安全目標。

關鍵字

一帶一路； 21世紀海上絲綢之路；石油海上運輸安全

並列摘要

As countries develop,the per capita income is gradually increasing while the energy consumption of various countries is rising at the same time.Among the sources of energy,oil plays the most essential role.Closely related to na-tional security and deeply influenced by politics,economy and military af-fairs,oil has long been regarded as the core interest of all countries.With the economic development since China's reform and the open door policy,China's demand for oil has been increasing.In order to meet oil demand and solve the issues such as domestic overcapacity,China is actively looking for a way out. The Middle East is the main region for China's oil imports.In particu-lar,China is increasingly dependent on the region under the dual pressure of decreasing oil production as well as increasing dependence on imports.China is far away from the world's major oil producing regions,and its situation in Central Asia is unfavorablefor land pipeline transportation.Similar factors as such has in fact made most of China’s oil transportation done by sea routes,which,however,are far away and are passed through geopolitically complex areas.Therefore,China is often subjected to military pressure from re-gional powers such as the United States and India as well as threats such as piracy and terrorist attacks,all of themcausing a serious impact on China's na-tional energy security. In view of this,China has successively proposed the"Silk Road Eco-nomic Belt"and the "21st-Century Maritime Silk Road" (collectively referred to as the "Belt and Road" Initiative) since 2013,for the purpose of accelerating and deepeningcooperation to gain control of the strategic ports.Countries along the route will then be suggested by China to build ports and other infra-structure,and with debts incurred by the countries,China will be able to gain further control of them,gradually having a say in the international af-fairs.China will also be capable of resolving disputes,such as building reefs around The South China Sea and military bases overseas,along with the de-velopmentof long-range projected troops.A solid defence mechanism and the oil maritime transportation security can be established on this important ener-gy transportation channel,which can further achieve the goal of energy trans-portation security.