日本上代、中古文學中之“橘”的意象表現—兼比較中國文學中之“橘”意象—

本論文是在中日韓三國傳承古文獻資料中，納入中日兩國考古出土資料之解析結果，並比較相關時代的中國文學作品，論述植物“橘”在日本古代文學中具神話性質「常世」意象之形成、再轉變為與人之事物有關的意象之過程、其後，跨越奈良時代到平安時代，從《萬葉集》到《新古今和歌集》，“橘”在和歌中的詠物意象，及其對平安時代女性主流文學代表作《源氏物語》《和泉式部日記》中的故事進展之關連性。記紀神話中，橘是由常世國攜回的異鄉果實，然而，長久以來，常世國為橘的發源地這點卻被忽略了，故論者以此切入，不問何品種的食用橘，以「文學中實實在在存在的橘」被賦與之意象為前題進行了論述。第一章為橘的文學意象形成之確立。論者引據後推測，引入橘的常世觀念起源地，為中國古代的蜀郡區域。第二章中研究橘從具神話性轉變為與人有關之意象。橘果實象徵子孫永久繁榮。研究可知，萬葉歌人們延續上代喜好純白花朵的美意識，橘花代表身分高貴的女性。另外，古代日本婚姻為「妻問婚」，故橘與杜鵑鳥合詠戀歌中交織著等待者（橘花）與被等待者（杜鵑鳥）的心情。最後，重新探討了中國詩歌中不見橘與杜鵑鳥合詠之原因。第三章討論《全唐詩》中詠橘離別詩面貌，及日本和歌詠橘香之追憶意象。唐代科舉制度影響了中國詠橘離別詩，日本和歌詠橘香之追憶意象，是對橘賦與了無常思想而來。《古今和歌集》以後，歌人們透過文學作品，給與逝去之過往新生命，不變如昔的香氣，是為了抵抗無常、改變無法改變的現實。第四章中，列舉《源氏物語》《和泉式部日記》，探討平安女性文學中橘的無常觀、重生思想。《源氏物語》中，男主角對交往過的女性總留有執念，故作者紫式部讓逝去女主角的「替身」與男主角重逢，來自橘的追憶意象，到重生想法產生的過程，是循著橘（花）香―追憶―對無常的感慨―產生重生思想之順序。但故事中的婚姻制度與現實相同，故橘的重生意象隨故事進展而瓦解，徒留追憶與無常之意象。《和泉式部日記》中，對被命運捉弄的和泉式部而言，橘花開的季節也許正是尋覓新戀情的好時節。因此，脫離現實的文學空間，可說是為了對戀情無常的一種抵抗。總結本論文考察之橘意象，葉象徵永恆不變，花代表少女美貌，花香催人懷念過往，花落則感嘆人世無常。落花飄零為結實前奏，若果實為祈求子孫繁榮，落花便是為綿延子孫必經之過程。物語中的「替身」所表現的重生意象，只是一時的、戲劇性的意象，隨著故事結束而瓦解、消失無存。

關鍵字

橘；橘花；杜鵑鳥；常世；意象表現

並列摘要

This paper is based on information on the ancient literatures of China, Japan, and Korea, and it includes analytical results of archaeological materials from China and Japan. In addition to comparing Chinese literary works from relevant historical periods and discourse concerning the formation of the image of the “mandarin orange” in ancient Japanese literature as having a mythological characteristic of “immortality,” this paper also discusses the process by which this image was transformed into one related to human life that was then passed on through the Nara Period to the Heian Period, from the Man'yōshū to the Shin Kokin Wakashū. This study also addresses the poetic imagery associated with the mandarin orange in waka (Japanese poems) and its relationship with story development within The Tale of Genji and The Izumi Shikibu Diary, two representative works of mainstream female literature in the Heian Period. In the myths of Kiki(the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki),, the mandarin orange is an exotic fruit brought back from Tokoyo no Kuni (the Land of Immortality); however, the association of Tokoyo no Kuni with the origin of the mandarin orange has long been overlooked. For this reason, the author has chosen to address this topic; regardless of the variety of edible mandarin orange involved, the imagery given to “mandarin orange that truly exist in literature” serves as the basis for discussion in this paper. In the first section, this paper discusses the establishment of the literary image of the mandarin orange. In this section, the author consult sources and infers that the birthplace of the concept of the immortal characteristics of the mandarin orange was the ancient Chinese state of Shu. In the second section, this paper studies the transformation of the imagery associated with the mandarin orange from mythological imagery to imagery related to humans, whereby mandarin orange symbolize eternal prosperity. Research shows that the poets of the Man'yōshū represent an extension of the consciousness of previous generations in appreciating the beauty of the pure white flower; the mandarin orange blossom represents the noble identity of women. Furthermore, marriage in ancient Japan was polygynous, and as such, the mandarin orange blossom and cuckoo are intertwined to denote the moods of the one who waits (mandarin blossom) and the one who is waited upon (cuckoo). Finally, this section reexamines the reasons that the association of the mandarin orange with the cuckoo does not occur in Chinese poetry. In the third section, this paper discusses the appearance of mandarin orange in poems of farewell in Quan Tangshi (Complete Tang Poetry) and the imagery of reminiscence related to the scent of mandarin orange in Japanese waka. While the imperial examination system of the Tang dynasty influenced the Chinese poems of farewell in relation to mandarin orange, the reminiscence associated with mandarin orange in Japanese waka stemmed from the impermanence of life associated with mandarin orange. After the Kokin Wakashū, Japanese poets used their literary works to impart a new life to the past; the unchanged aromas of mandarin blossom resist the impermanence of life and alter unalterable realities. In the fourth section, the view of impermanence and the idea of rebirth in female literature of the Heian Period is explored in the The Tale of Genji and The Izumi Shikibu Diary. In The Tale of Genji, male characters always attached to thoughts women with whom they have previously been in relationships, and so the author Murasaki Shikibu allows “stand-ins” for the departed female characters to reunite with male characters. The process by which the image of reminiscence derived from the mandarin orange yields a concept of rebirth follows the sequence: mandarin orange (blossom) scent – reminiscence – emotions towards impermanence – generation of the idea of rebirth. However, the marriage system in this work is the same as that in reality, meaning that the image of rebirth collapses as the story develops, leaving the image of reminiscence and impermanence. In The Izumi Shikibu Diary, with regard to Izumi Shikibu, who was tricked by fate, the mandarin orange blossom season might be a good season to find new romance. As such, divorcing literary spaces from reality can be considered a form of resistance to the impermanence of romance. In summary, this paper examines the imagery associated with the mandarin orange, the symbol of eternally unchanged leaves, whose flowers represent the beauty of young women, the scent of whose flowers causes people to reminisce on the past, and the falling of whose blossoms causes people to ponder impermanence. Falling flowers represent a strong prelude; if the fruit represents an offering for the prosperity of future generations, then the falling flowers are a necessary part of raising new generations. The image of rebirth indicated by the “stand-ins” in the stories examined here are only temporary, dramatic images. As the story ends, this image of rebirth collapses and disappears.

並列關鍵字

mandarin orange ； mandarin blossom ； cuckoo ； immortality ； image

參考文獻

小島憲之ら校正・訳　新編日本古典文学全集６『萬葉集』1、小学館、2003年6月

Piet A. Vroonら著『Verborgen verleider:Psychologie van de reuk』洪慧娟譯『嗅覺符碼-

記憶和欲望的語言』商周出版、2001年3月

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中村裕一『中国古代の年中行事』第一冊春、汲古書院、2009年7月第二版（初版2009年1月）

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日本上代、中古文學中之“橘”的意象表現—兼比較中國文學中之“橘”意象—

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