從工作平等到家庭角色平等:觀察人格特質的影響

現代社會的兩性觀念已逐漸趨於平等，多數女性也參與了勞動市場，成為家庭所得者之一，但女性似乎仍然肩負著大部分的家務責任。本文有別於過去文獻，從人格特質的觀點切入探討家務分工，主要驗證兩項假說：一、實施性別工作平等法後，女性在工作權利上逐漸平等，保障女性在家庭中能與男性同為家庭所得者；二、雖然性別工作平等法使女性的工作權利獲得保障，但受限於人格特質，夫妻家務分工可能沒有改變。本文利用台灣婦女婚育與就業調查資料，以受過高等教育的台灣女性為研究對象，選取2002年所實施性別平等法前後期間的資料進行分析。而人格特質的衡量是根據心理學所常用的五大人格特質，並將五大人格特質對應大學科系，定義為自科人格特質與社科人格特質兩個項目。本文採Difference-in-Difference模型的估計結果來計算淨效果，評估性平法實施前後兩種人格特質在家務時數上的差異。實證結果發現，性平法實施對女性減輕家務負擔具有顯著的影響，性平法後確實減輕了女性相對上的家務負擔，支持了第一項假設。不過，淨效果的部分雖然顯示具有自科人格特質的丈夫與具社科人格特質的妻子所組成的家庭中，妻子減少家務時數相對最多，隱含原本較為消極與被動特質的女性在性平法實施之後，從工作上的平等保障，進而影響家庭中協商家務分工的結果，但統計上並未達到顯著，因此對於第二項假設本文未能接受亦未能拒絕。

關鍵字

家務分工；人格特質；性別工作平等法；大學科系； Difference-in-Difference模型

並列摘要

It becomes improved about the equality between men and women nowadays. More and more women choose to participate the labor market, implying these women become one of the income earners in family. However, it seems found that women still handle most of housework in family. This study investigates housework divisions by considering personality, which was less discussed in previous literatures. We would like to examine two hypotheses: first, women is secured to be one of the income earners in family after the implementation of Act of Gender Equality in Employment; second, even the law secures women’s work, the division of housework may not be changed due to the personalities. We adopt data from Woman's Marriage, Fertility and Employment Survey and choose data period before and after the year 2002. The measurement of personality is according to Big-Five personality index which is usually applied in Psychology field. These personalities corresponding to individual’s college major can be divided into two groups, nature science personality and social science personality. We evaluates the difference by using a difference-in-difference model. The empirical results show that married women’s housework burden is significantly decreased after the implementation of the law. This result supports the first hypothesis. In addition, the net effects between these two kinds of personalities also demonstrates women’s housework burden are decreased if they are social science personality and their husbands are nature science personality. This implies women who have relatively passive personality may have higher negotiated power with their husbands about division of housework after they are protected with a stronger employment security. However, the net effects have no statistical significance. The second hypothesis could not be accepted and rejected in this study.