國家安全風險與管制之研究-以無人飛行載具發展為例

無人飛行載具係指毋須人員在機艙內駕駛，而是藉由遙控或自動飛行控制並裝有任務酬載，在對人員具高度危險性的環境中進行航空攝影、大氣監控、通訊中繼、戰場監視、情資偵蒐以及戰鬥攻擊等各種任務的飛行載具；其包含載具本體、發動機、控制系統、任務酬載、無線傳輸等次系統，可以說是具體而微的航空工程整合產品。軍事用途方面，無人飛行載具可以廣泛用於偵蒐任務或遠距攻擊，能夠在敵方集結或發動攻擊前掌握敵情。廣義上，無人飛行載具小至一般人所熟知的遙控飛機，大至在高空長航程無人偵察機，甚至靶機也屬於無人飛行載具；但是其間最重大的差異在於無人飛行載具是使用來執行特別的任務，並且依照不同需求選用不同酬載，或者是設計不同飛行特性的飛行器執行任務。近年來，無人飛行載具開始在戰場上嶄露頭角，其優異的表現開始讓各國重視無人飛行載具的運用。無人飛行載具的特色在使人員免於枯燥、危險、骯髒的任務，由於近年來無人飛行載具的優異表現，世界各國已開始重視無人飛行載具在軍事以外的民生運用。我國在無人機的開發應用上，主要也是以軍事科技系統為核心，並且以軍事任務及特定目標的空中觀測監管為主，並且以航太系統科技商與學研機構為主要的參與者；民用商業化方面，則以空中影像拍攝為主，雖有農業應用的倡議，但仍屬於零星活動，尚不足以產生實質的商業效益，因此，雖然在技術層面陸續有亮眼的表現，卻無法產生具產業規模的進展。此外，當無人飛行載具的發展日漸蓬勃的同時，飛行機體本身的飛行安全、國家安全顧慮、對人類基本權益可能帶來的影響也引發多方面的討論，從無人飛行載具在資料傳輸或應用上可能對無辜民眾帶來的人身財產損害、其作為武器的正當性、國防機密資料洩漏的可能性、到對於隱私權保障的顧慮，這些都挑戰著無人飛行載具從軍用設備轉化成民、商業用途的可能性。有鑒於無人機的快速發展，本研究利用歷史研究以及文獻分析法呈現無人飛行載具的發展歷史以及近代的發展應用面向，接著從國家安全以及人類基本權益角度分析無人飛行載具潛藏之威脅，以及在執行法規管制時可能所面對的挑戰，最後再針對無人飛行載具的未來發展提供相關建議。

關鍵字

無人飛行載具；隱私權；法規管制

並列摘要

An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) refers to a powered aerial vehicle that does not need a pilot to operate in the cabin, but automatically controlled by a remote-control system. A UAV system is able to carry out various tasks in a dangerous environment, such as aerial photography, atmospheric monitoring, communication relay, etc. Military wise, a UAV system is able to execute missions such as battle file surveillance, intelligence search, or combat attack. A UAV system is complex that it contains the body, engine, control system, mission payload, wireless transmission, and other subsystems, which is fair to say that this is a micro-integrated and specific aviation engineering product. In a broad sense, an unmanned aerial vehicle can be as small as a remote-controlled aircraft that is familiar to general public. It can be as large as an unmanned reconnaissance aircraft that can be deployed as a military weapon. However, what makes an UAV system unique are that this system is designed to perform special missions, and based on the needs, the system will have different payloads and flight characteristics. In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles have begun to emerge on the battlefield, and their excellent performance has begun to make many countries pay attention to their potential. Originally, the goal of using UAVs is to save personnel from boring, dangerous or dirty tasks. Due to their excellency, countries have started to develop the use of UAVs for civilian area outside the military. In Taiwan, the development and application of UAVs are mainly within the military science and technology sector, with aerospace technology vendors and academic institutions as partners. In terms of commercialization, it is still limited to aerial photography. Although there are initiatives for agricultural applications, they are still sporadic activities, which are not big enough to generate substantial commercial benefits. While the development of UAVs is booming, the flight safety of the vehicles, national security concerns, and possible impacts on basic human rights have also led to many discussions. The application of UAVs may cause damage to personal properties, legitimacy of weaponizing UAVs, the possibility of leakage of confidential national defense information, and privacy concerns; these are the challenges that need to be addressed when we talk about the commercialization of UAVs. In view of the rapid development of the UAVs, the researcher of this study uses historical research and literature analysis to present the history of unmanned aerial vehicles system, its recent development and applications, and concerns related to this new technological invention such as national security, impacts on basic human rights and any possible hidden threats. Further, the researcher examines the legal and regulation frameworks regarding UAVs deployment and applications. Building on these analyses, the researcher provides recommendations for the future development of unmanned aerial vehicles.

並列關鍵字

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ； Privacy ； The Legal and Regulation

參考文獻

張小玫：無人機是商機，還是危機？刊載於科技政策觀點，08. 15. 2016。資料引自：https://portal.stpi.narl.org.tw/index/article/10265;jsessionid=924C6B1ABF7670C6B7C820BDF15E5478 （檢索日期：2019年6月22日）。

一. 中文文獻