擴增實境於木材放樣之數位製造應用

傳統手工放樣定位已有數千年的歷史，拜演化賦予人類手、眼睛、大腦三者成熟的協同機制所賜，施作者能以尺規精確量測距離與方位角，完成諸多偉大的作品。到了冷戰時期，軍事界催生了電腦輔助建築設計(CAAD)、雷射測距、二維製造機具等科技，將傳統放樣製造的效能提升至另一個層次。並非所有的製造程序都是來自建築領域，2016年開始，源自電玩產業的VR(Virtual Reality)虛擬實境與AR(Augmented Reality)擴增實境逐漸普及，相關產品的推陳出新與企業決策，讓VR與AR的應用延伸至製造業與產品設計領域。藉助符合肉眼視角的全息成像技術，提供了三維放樣的契機，得以幫助設計者釐清在三度空間中眾多零件之間幾何構成或生產線上的加工步驟，降低教育訓練與施工成本。AR擴增實境為搭配頭戴式顯示器的全息成像技術，使用者可以透過頭戴顯示器檢視虛擬成像與真實空間疊合後的場景。在施工前檢視電腦模型的真實尺度，讓設計者直接面對真實環境，並根據此場景放樣點位及施工，同時根據可能的突發狀況做即時性的手動修改，不需依靠二維平面圖說解讀空間，得以縮短放樣的時間並提升施工效率。本論文以AR全息成像放樣與製造三維曲木，首先釐清3D建模軟體、參數化模型、AR頭盔、智慧型手機之間的協作關係。接著透過不同的輔具設計，測試不同的木材與製造工法，比較AR成像與實際製造的差異後，從而檢討設計加施工(Design and Build)的方法流程，逐步檢視可能面臨的問題以及驗證AR放樣的成效。由小型單元的測試開始，逐步增加作品的大小，配合AR模型的建製方式，探討不同尺度下的營造環境，企圖打造一個高效的營造環境與施作流程，完成複雜的三維放樣。隨後比較傳統放樣、機械手臂放樣、AR放樣的差異，思索新設計決策的可能。科技的進程會改善既有的營造方法，並解放過往的施作限制，讓設計者能有更多時間和資源專注在設計本身，思考原本難以實踐的空間構成，同時為建築學釋放更多不同以往的設計潛力。

關鍵字

擴增實境；材料性；木材加工；參數化設計；數位製造

並列摘要

The traditional method of manual setting-out has been applied by humans for several thousands of years. The evolution endows workers with the capacity to use the ruler and compass to measure distances and angles accurately and construct many spectacular works due to a synergistic mechanism which is composed of hands, eyes and brain. In the period of the Cold War, several technologies originated in the military such as Computer-Aided Architectural Design(CAAD), Laser Rangefinder and Two-Dimensional Manufacturing Machines which have upgraded the efficiency of traditional manufacture to another level. It is not always that every manufacturing procedure emerges from architecture. In 2016, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality became widespread in the gaming industry. As a result of some related products and business decisions have been launched, VR and AR have been applied in manufacturing and product design. Holography, as a technology which can manifest 3D images, offers an opportunity to mark in three-dimensional ways and helps designers figure out the composition of multiple components or the manufacturing procedures in production lines. Reducing the cost of education and construction. Augmented Reality as a kind of holography which is functioned by mobile devices. Users can examine the scene, as a reference of marking and assembling, is composed of visual models and real space through a head-mounted display. Therefore, designers could face the environments without any hesitation and check the real scale of 3D models before construction. Furthermore, workers can examine the space without any two-dimensional plan and modify 3D models when they encounter some accidental collisions. These advantages could shorten the time of marking and elevate the efficiency of fabrication. This research describes how to bend wood in three-dimensional direction by Augmented Reality. The first step is to figure out the connection and synergy among 3D modelling software, parametric models, Hololens 1 and mobile phones. Then start to use different types of jigs to test different kinds of wood and manufacturing methods. Comparing the differences between holography and manufacture and examining the procedure of design and build. Therefore we can expose potential problems and verify the efficiency of AR fabrication. The experiment started at a small scale and increased size gradually. Exploring the diverse scales of construction with varied ways of modelling holographic units. The purpose is to build up an efficient procedure and working environment. Considering the other design decisions and checking the variation of layout methods among traditional marking, robotic manufacturing and AR marking to finish the three-dimensional manufacture. The progress of technology could improve the methods of fabrication which have already existed and could eliminate the limitation of construction. Making designers can have more time and resources to focus on the design itself, arranging the space that can not easily be built in the past. And bring more potentials in architecture which differ from the past.