工作時數對人民幸福感之影響 — 空間計量迴歸之分析

因隨著經濟發展的快速變化而帶動人們提升生活水準及品質，人們開始重視生活的質量，過去就有學者提出主觀生活評價無法利用消費多寡或人民所擁有的財富來衡量，也開始有學者想要量化這些看不到的數值—所謂的「幸福」，並且在國內，一例一休制度從2016年提出，到2018年三讀通過修正案，從1111人力銀行2016年公布「上班族工時暨加班現況調查」中調查結果顯示，有接近半數41.6%的上班族認為本身工時過長，並且滿意目前的工作狀態。本研究想藉由國內數據來探討過去文獻所顯示工作時數與幸福感之關聯，是否我國也與過去文獻的研究結果方向一致；也因為台灣的地理位置地狹人稠，隨著科技的變遷，台灣的交通發展成熟度之高，讓許多現代人選擇在非居住地跨縣市就職，藉此探討工作時數是否如文獻所顯示對於幸福感的負向影響與其他因素也有相關性；例如：可支配所得。然而在過去文獻中工作時數與幸福感之間的關係，似乎未提及地理位置的不同所帶來的影響，故本研究想使用空間分析來驗證是否加入了空間因素會影響工作時數與台灣人民幸福的關係，造成與過去文獻的結果不同，因此本研究將使用空間計量方法來進行分析。實證結果與過去的文獻結果類似，工作時數對於台灣人民幸福感是負向且顯著的影響，其次，台灣人的可支配所得對於幸福感在本研究影響成果並不顯著，從過去的文獻中可知收入與幸福感在部分文獻裡是正向且顯著的；而交乘項平均工作時數乘可支配所得的結果為顯著，表示工作時數雖然對人民幸福感為負向關係，但乘上可支配所得後，能降低對幸福感的負向影響，再者，加入了空間權重矩陣之後，在先前跑一般追蹤迴歸分析所得到的結果大部分都在空間計量迴歸結果中，便為顯著，也就是說對於身心健康、教育程度以及老年人口等會因為鄰近縣市的位置而使得台灣人民幸福感有所變動。

關鍵字

幸福感；工作時數；空間計量迴歸

並列摘要

As the rapid changes in economic development have driven people to improve their living standards and quality, people have begun to attach importance to the quality of life. In the past, scholars suggested that subjective life evaluation cannot be measured by the amount of consumption or wealth owned by the people. Scholars also began thinking to quantify these unseen values, the so-called "happiness". Furthermore, in Taiwan, the “one rest day one day off” system was proposed in 2016, and the amendment passed through the third reading in 2018. From 1111 Manpower Bank's 2016 announcement of "office worker’s working hours and overtime”, the results of the survey in the "Current Situation Survey" show that 41.6% of office workers believe that their working hours are too long and are however satisfied with their current working conditions. This study wants to use domestic data to explore the relationship between working hours and well-being shown in the past literature. Whether Taiwan is also in the same direction as the research results of the past literature; also because Taiwan’s geographical location is small and densely populated, as technology changes, Taiwan’s transportation development is so mature that many people choose to work in non-residential areas across counties and cities. We like to explore whether the negative impact of working hours on happiness is related to other factors as shown in the literature; for example, disposable income. However, the relationship between working hours and well-being in the past literature does not seem to mention the impact of different geographical locations. Therefore, this study wants to use spatial analyses to verify whether the addition of spatial factors will affect the relationship between working hours and the Taiwanese people's happiness, which is different from the results in the past literature. This study will use spatial measurement methods to analyze. We begin with the empirical estimations, which are similar to those in the past literature. Working hours have a negative and significant impact on the happiness of Taiwanese people. Then disposable income has no significant impact on happiness in this research. From the past literature, it can be seen that income and well-being are positive and significant in some literatures; and the result obtained by the average working hours multiplied by the disposable item is significant, which means that although working hours have a negative relationship with people’s well-being, it can be multiplied. After dominating the income, it can reduce the negative impact on happiness. Moreover, after adding the spatial factors, most of the results obtained from the previous general tracking regression analysis are similar to the spatial measurement regression results. This means that the physical and mental health, education level, and the elderly population will change the happiness of Taiwanese people due to the location of neighboring counties and cities.