精密機械製造業-航太零組件金屬粉塵暴露調查

面對全球競爭，政府需推動智慧機械產業生態體系提升產品製造的速度、精度及附加價值。美國飛機製造大廠-波音預測，未來20年將有41,030架新飛機的需求，總產值高達6.1兆美元，其中又以亞太地區的需求量最大，特別是機體結構、發動機、起落架等零組件，將帶動台灣相關廠商龐大商機。精密機械製造業航太零組件製程，包括研磨、鑽孔、切割等電腦化數值控制(Computer Numerical Control，CNC)工具機加工。而這些製程會使作業人員暴露於金屬粉塵，經呼吸作用從鼻腔進入肺部深層，進一步造成肺部及神經等相關症狀，如間質性肺部疾病(Intersstitial Lung Disease，ILD)、阿茲海默症 (Alzheimer's Disease，AD)等。本研究主要係調查精密機械製造業事業單位製程與作業模式、原物料使用狀況、危害物種類及勞工危害暴露之健康影響評估。本研究中利用問卷調查蒐集、分析行業特性，以實際作業環境採樣來捕集金屬粉塵並以感應耦合電漿原子放射光譜儀分析結果，評估工廠的環境及健康風險評估。本研究選取5間工廠，工廠分析結果大多以鋁為主要的暴露金屬元素，其次是鎳、鈷、鐵、鉛……等。鋁金屬平均濃度最高為D工廠打磨區，其值為805.3(µg/m3)、次高為D工廠鋁件焊接區，其值為38.6(µg/m3)。本研究結果發現5間工廠的粉塵暴露量符合目前法令標準，但若根據暴露評估準則的標準計算其總致癌風險均高於職場可接受風險1＊10-3，尤其以E工廠為最高，其值為0.476，其中鈷金屬的致癌風險貢獻量是造成此家工廠總致癌風險提高的原因。非致癌危害商數結果中發現，E工廠(28.5)最高，其次為B工廠(4.03)。因此，特別建議E、B、D工廠應加強局部排氣工程，並在作業環境控制未完善前，提供作業人員呼吸防護具的配戴，或以行政管理措施減少作業工人暴露時間。

關鍵字

智慧機械；精密機械製造業；航太零組件；感應耦合電漿原子放射光譜儀；間質性肺部疾病；阿茲海默症

並列摘要

Because of global competition, the Government needs to use intelligent machinery to improve the speed of product manufacturing, accuracy and additional value. Boeing, the US famous aircraft manufacturer, predicts that there will be 41,030 new aircraft in the next 20 years, with a total value of 6.1 trillion US dollars, of which the Asian region has the largest demand, especially the fuselage construction, power plant, landing gear and other component. These parts will make the relevant manufacturers in Taiwan to bring huge business opportunities. The process of Manufacturing Aerospace Component in Precision Machine Industry, including grinding, drilling, cutting and other machine tool processing of Computer Numerical Control (CNC). These processes can make workers expose to metal dust by respiration from the nasal cavity into the deep lungs, furthermore, it will cause lung and nerve-related symptoms, such as interstitial lung disease (ILD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), etc. The purpose of this study is investigate the process of the precision machinery manufacturing industry, operating modes, material using status, hazard species and health impact assessment of worker’s exposure. The study will use a questionnaire survey to collect industrial characteristics; also, we capture metal dust by sampling and analyze result by ICP-OES to assess the environment and health risk of the factory. Five factories had been study in this project. The parts of aerospace factories are mostly aluminum as the main metal elements, followed by Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, lead, etc. The results of this study found that the exposure of 5 factories was below the standard, but if calculated according to the Guidelines for Estimating Exposure, total carcinogenic risk is higher than the acceptable risk 10-3 of workplace, and especially the E factory is the highest. Among them, the carcinogenic risk contribution of Cobalt metal increased the total carcinogenic risk of the factory. From the non-carcinogenic hazard quotient, it found that the non-carcinogenic hazard quotient in E factory were much higher, followed by D factory. Therefore, it suggested that E, B and D factories should strengthen Operating environment control engineering. When the operating environment control works are not completed，providing the wearing of respiratory protective equipment for workers or reduce exposure time by administrative measures.