汽車維修業之肌肉骨骼危害評估

根據交通部統計資料顯示，截至2021年3月，全國汽車登記共有22,380,410輛，於2020年平均每百人汽車數達34.8輛，因而汽車維修的需求也相對提升。與汽車製造業的自動化工作內容不同，多數汽車修理與保養工作仍依賴人工進行修護，故人因性因子危害為其常見之危害。本研究目的為探討汽車維修從業人員之肌肉骨骼危害風險，利用NMQ、現場觀察紀錄以及快速上肢評估法，針對汽修人員自覺肌肉骨骼不適症狀及工作流程進行分析，以了解其肌肉骨骼不適之危害暴露現況。研究結果顯示，汽修人員自覺肌肉骨骼不適症狀之盛行率以上背（48.0%）、下背及右手腕（42.0%）、右手肘/前臂及右肩（36.0%）佔多數，且90%受訪者自覺與工作有關，深入詢問其自覺與工作相關之原因，結果回答「長時間不當姿勢」與「重複性動作」之比例佔最高（66.7%）。進一步使用統計方法分析，結果發現「長時間不當姿勢」、「長時間站立」、「使用手工具」與汽修人員自覺肌肉骨骼不適程度呈現顯著性差異。而RULA評估之風險尤以頸部、上肢得分較高，反映在NMQ問卷之肌肉骨骼不適症狀之盛行率上，其結果大致符合。依據研究結果，建議可分別由環境改善、行政管理及員工個人防護分別著手改善。此外，由於我國自營汽車維修保養廠佔市場多數，其受限於人力、預算、資訊傳遞之不足，相對缺乏預防職業性肌肉骨骼傷病的知能，建議可由各地之汽修工會介入，藉此傳達國內法規與政策、辦理教育訓練等，以達到預防職業病發生之目的。

關鍵字

汽車維修業；人因性危害評估；快速上肢評估法；北歐肌肉骨骼問卷調查表；肌肉骨骼不適

並列摘要

According to statistics of the Ministry of Transportation and communications, there were 22,380,410 vehicles have been registered nationwide as of March 2021.The average number of vehicles reached 34.8 per hundred people in 2020, that is why the demand for vehicle maintenance increased. Different from the automation work of the automobile manufacturing industry, most auto repair and maintenance works still by artificial. Thus, human factor risk happens common. The purpose of this study is exploring the risk of musculoskeletal hazards among auto repair workers. Using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), on-site observation records and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) to analyze the symptoms and work processes, in order to understand the exposure status. The study results showed that the prevalence rate of auto repairers self-conscious musculoskeletal discomfort symptoms were upper back pain (48%), lower back and right wrist (42%), and right elbow, forearm and right shoulder (36%). Furthermore, 90% of interviewed workers are conscious that the discomfort related to work. Through deep inquiring about the cause of discomfort, "prolonged improper posture" and "repetitive actions" are the highest percentage (66.7%). By statistical analysis method, auto repair staff's musculoskeletal discomfort significantly positive related to "improper posture for a long time", "standing for a long time" and "use of hand tools". It is that presented particularly high in the neck and upper limbs by RULA, roughly in line with the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the NMQ questionnaire. According to the research results, it is recommended to improved by environmental improvement, administrative management, and employee personal protection. In addition, self-operated auto repair and maintenance plants account is the majority of the market. Because of the shortage of manpower, budget, and information, relatively lack the knowledgement of occupational musculoskeletal injury prevention. It is suggested that local auto repair labor unions intervene to inform domestic regulations and policies, even handle education and training. So as to achieve the purpose of preventing occupational diseases.