以人因工程觀點探討某汽車製造廠員工之不良姿勢改善關鍵因素

汽車製造業勞工之特定作業項目，包括：施力負荷大、作業重複性高、靜態施力長、使用衝擊或振動工具與工作姿勢不良等，這些因素常容易造成職業性肌肉骨骼傷害。其中，最常見的危險因素是「工作姿勢不良」。本研究嘗試以人因工程觀點，探討汽車業製造廠員工作業姿勢不良之改善關鍵因素，並提出建議，做為企業改善職業性肌肉骨骼危害之參考。本研究之研究方法與步驟包括以下三個步驟： 1.整理與分析作業現場員工姿勢不良改善關鍵因素之相關文獻。 2.採用德爾菲法（Delphi Method）進行多次人因工程專家對改善「工作姿勢不良」之關鍵因素之問卷調查，每一次問卷結果以不具名方式，提供專家參酌以修正調整專家個人意見，此過程可以完整的收集專家的意見。 3.利用層級分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP）將「工作姿勢不良」之關鍵因素，由上往下分解，並對此關鍵因素進行層級分析，且經由層級性結構進行整合與綜合評估，以獲得關鍵因素。本研究共完成10位人因工程專家之AHP問卷調查。研究結果顯示，在改善姿勢不良之關鍵因素中，「以外力取代人力」（0.626）最重要、其次依序為「機能工作姿勢」（0.272）與「工作環境」（0.100）。進一步分析發現，在「以外力取代人力」構面，「以機器代替人工」（0.481）為最重要，其次為「以省力裝置減低人力」（0.145）；在「機能工作姿勢」構面，以「施力點位置調整」（0.128）為最重要，其次依序為「腳踏管的使用」（0.044）、「肌肉骨骼負荷降低」（0.061）、「改善動作的反覆檢查覆檢查」（0.205）、以及「坐在較高的作業位置」（0.012）。在「工作環境」構面，以「設計符合人因工程原理工作場所」（0.066）為最重要，其次為「防疲勞護帶」（0.022）及「抗疲勞墊的使用」（0.011）。綜合以上結果，本研究建議「以外力取代人力」應為改善工作環境員工不良作業姿勢之人因工程介入方式之最優先，再配合廠內工程改善，如以使用簡易提升機來代替人力搬運，如此，應可有效的改善作業現場職業性肌肉骨骼傷害發生率。

關鍵字

汽車製造業；人因工程；德菲爾問卷；層級分析法

並列摘要

Given the occupational hazards in the automotive manufacturing industry which include heavy lifting, highly repetitive tasks, static lifting for long periods of time, using hand tools or power tools, and poor posture, workers are at risk of sustaining musculoskeletal injuries commonly associated with "poor workplace posture". This study attempts to explore key factors in improving poor posture in terms of ergonomics among workers in an automotive manufacturing plant, and to make recommendations that can serve as the reference to companies in preventing the occurrence of occupational musculoskeletal injuries. The method and procedures adopted in the study involve the following steps: 1. Sort out and analyze relevant literature on key factors that improve poor posture among workers in automotive manufacturing plants. 2. Make multiple questionnaire surveys for ergonomics experts on key factors that improve "poor work posture" using the Delphi Method. The anonymous questionnaire results are used as reference, enabling the experts to revise and adjust their personal opinions. Through this process, we are able to gather the views and opinions of these experts. 3. Use the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） to classify and analyze “poor work posture” key factors from top to bottom, integrate results, and make a comprehensive assessment of the hierarchy for quantifying these key factors. In this study, a total of ten ergonomics experts joined and completed the AHP questionnaire survey. According to the study results, the most critical factor to improving poor posture, is "replacing humans with mechanical forces" （0.626）, followed by "functional work posture" （0.272） and then "working environment" （0.100）. A further analysis of the data showed that among the aspects of "replacing humans with mechanical forces", the most critical factor is "replacing human workers with machines" （0.481）, followed by "reducing manpower requirements by installing labor-saving devices" （0.145）. In the "functional work posture" aspects, the most significant factor is "adjustment to the point of application," （0.128） followed consecutively by "uses of pegs" （0.044）, "decreased work load of the musculoskeletal system" （0.061）, "improved repetitive checking" （0.205）, and "occupying a higher position" （0.012）. In the "working environment" aspects, the most significant factor is "designing an ergonomic working environment" （0.066）, followed by "anti-fatigue protection belt" （0.022） and "using anti-fatigue mats" （0.011）. Based on the abovementioned results, "replacing humans with mechanical forces" should be the first priority when considering ergonomic interventions to improve poor workplace posture. Moreover, when carrying out improvement projects within the working environment using simple hoist（s） for transporting objects instead of manual lifting, the occurrence of occupational musculoskeletal injuries would be minimized accordingly, which effectively improves the working environment.