青少年親職化與適應行為之關聯：探討自我觀與知覺不公平性之中介效果

親親職化現象指稱兒童及青少年承擔父母角色之責任，其可能負責家庭生活經濟來源、照顧兄弟姊妹及失能父母或是成為父母情感寄託之對象，此現象可能影響兒少身心健康發展或後續產生更多行為適應問題。然而，已經有許多研究指出其正向影響，如利社會行為、認知同理以及較多的彈性及復原力以因應迎面而來之挑戰。於回顧文獻中也顯現出此種現象可能會造成青少年於學校之適應行為問題。因此，本研究主要目的為了解青少年親職化所產生之適應行為，是否受到知覺不公平性、自我觀之中介效果影響，並且本研究也考量中西文化之差異將可能影響正負向結果之表現，故期能以此研究，拓展對本土親職化現象之了解及認識。本研究為問卷調查研究，研究對象共收取370位中部地區之國中生。研究結果呈現：(1)不同背景資料之性別、出生序、手足數具顯著差異之親職化程度表現：女性相較男性有較明顯的親職化表現；老大及中間子女相較其他出生序較易有工具性親職表現；無兄弟姊妹之子女相較有兄弟姊妹之子女，有較低程度之工具性親職表現(2)背景資料之社經地位、父母婚姻狀態及家庭結構類型與親職化現象無顯著差異之親職化程度表現。(3)親職化類型與自我觀具有顯著之相關，但僅工具性親職與知覺不公平性具顯著之相關；親職化類型之工具性親職與內向性行為具顯著之相關，情緒性親職與學習適應問題具顯著之相關。(4)雖然未能呈現自我觀之中介效果，但呈現各親職化類型能預測自我觀，且自我觀對內外向性行為具顯著之負預測力。(5)雖然未能呈現知覺不公平性之中介效果，但呈現工具性親職能預測知覺不公平性，且知覺不公平性對不適應行為具顯著之正預測力。整體結果呈現在華人文化下，如青少年承擔情緒性親職，將降低學習適應問題之表現，且亦發現華人文化之「折衷自我」將會影響正向結果之表現，反之「知覺不公平性」將會影響負向結果之表現。

關鍵字

親職化；適應行為；個人/社會取向自我觀；知覺不公平性

並列摘要

The phenomenon of parentification refers to children and adolescents who assume the responsibility of their parental role. They may be responsible for the economic source of family life, take care of siblings and disabled parents or become parents’ emotional supporter. This phenomenon may affect the healthy development of children and produce more maladaptive behaviors in the future. However, many studies have pointed out its positive effects, such as prosocial behavior, cognitive empathy and more flexibility and resilience to cope with oncoming challenges. The research literature also shows that this phenomenon may cause problems in the adaptive behavior of adolescents in school. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to understand whether the adaptive behaviors of adolescent parentification are mediated by perceived unfairness (知覺不公平性)and self-views(自我觀). This research also considers that cultural differences may affect the performance of positive and negative results. Therefore, I also hope to use this research to expand our understanding of the phenomenon of local parentification. This research is a questionnaire survey. The subjects of the study collected a total of 370 junior high school students from the Taiwan’s central region. The research results show that (1) The different background data from gender, birth order, number of siblings have significantly different levels of parentification : girls has more parentification than boys ; the older and middle children are more instrumental parentification than other birth orders ; adolescent without siblings have a lower level of instrumental parentification than adolescent with siblings. (2) the background data showed that there was no significant difference in socioeconomic status, the parent's marriage status and the type of family structure (3) The type of parentification is significantly related to self-views(自我觀), but only instrumental parentification is significantly related to perceived unfairness(知覺不公平性). Also instrumental parentification is significantly related to internalized behavior ; emotional parentification is significantly related to learning adaptation problems. (4) Although it failed to show the mediating effect of self-views(自我觀), the types of parentification can predict self-views(自我觀), and self-views(自我觀) has a significant negative predictive on internalized and externalized behavior. (5) Although it failed to show the mediating effect of perceived unfairness(知覺不公平性), and instrumental parentification can predict perceived unfairness(知覺不公平性), and perceived unfairness(知覺不公平性) has a significant positive predictive on maladjustment behavior. The overall result presented: In the Chinese culture, adolescent will reduce their learning adaptation problems according to the emotional parentification they undertake. It is also found that the "Composite Self"(折衷自我) of the Chinese culture will bring the positive results of the parentification , and vice versa "perceived unfairness"(知覺不公平性) will affect the performance of negative results.