我國榖類及蔬菜中拉草環境荷爾蒙之污染研究

Study on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Alachlor Pollution of Cereals and Vegetables in Taiwan

廖心渝(Sin-Yu Liao)

指導教授 ： 毛義方

中山醫學大學/健康管理學院/職業安全衛生學系碩士班/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6834/CSMU.2014.00189

摘要

農藥拉草(alachlor)及丁基拉草(butachlor)為台灣常被使用的農作物除草劑之一，會干擾體內荷爾蒙作用，並在動物實驗上發現有致癌性，且其中拉草具環境荷爾蒙效應。拉草經在農田使用後由土壤、水體及生物傳遞蓄積於食物鏈中，並逸散至空氣中，造成河川、空氣及食物等生活環境的污染；會經由各種途徑進入人體，造成公共衛生問題和人體健康之影響。
為評估拉草於國人的暴露情形，必須先了解國人每天可能的攝取量或吸入量。由於過去各國文獻報告指出，飲用水中拉草是現代人暴露的主要途徑之一，農作物及人類食物鏈中的日常食物也是另外的暴露來源，而空氣暴露相對很低。因此，本研究將對各種台灣使用拉草及丁基拉草之榖類、乾豆、蔬菜及水庫水中進行採樣分析。
本研究分析國人經常食用之食物及使用除草劑耕作主要農作物之榖類、乾豆及蔬菜6類共125個樣本；水庫原水(指未經淨化處理之水)及清水(指經加藥、混凝、沈澱、過濾、消毒或其他高級處理之水)2種水樣，共採集水庫水樣本14個。
本研究先以二氯甲烷溶出磨碎的榖類、乾豆及蔬菜中之拉草，再經由丙酮、正己烷及乙腈之液液萃取，最後將殘餘物以正己烷和乙醚(85+15，v/v)混合溶液沖提通過SPE管，進行固相萃取。再利用GC/MS分析樣本中之拉草濃度。
水庫水則是以儀器SPE-DEX4790將樣本濃縮，再經由二氯甲烷及乙酸乙酯沖提後溶液，以GC/MS分析樣本中之拉草濃度。
本研究分析國人經常食用之食物及使用除草劑耕作主要農作物之榖類、乾豆及蔬菜，其中以玉米拉草含量最高，達17.8±16.9ng/100g，糙米次之濃度為9.2±9.0ng/100g。水庫原水及清水其中以太湖原水拉草濃度最高達1080μg/L，板新原水次之，濃度為298μg/L。
本研究結果顯示玉米拉草濃度很高，是其他種類的2∼3倍，玉米拉草含量檢出率為67％(14/21)，故國人食用玉米或易受拉草污染之作物應特別加以清洗以減少拉草之攝取量。丁基拉草之分析結果顯示穀類檢出率為25％(21/83)；蔬菜類檢出率為33％(14/42)。水庫水部分原水檢出率為43％(3/7)；清水檢出率為43％(3/7)，水庫水在原水及清水中皆發生拉草污染之情形，其污染來源可能與水污染及空氣污染有關，值得繼續加以監視或做適當之處理改善。

關鍵字

拉草 ； 丁基拉草 ； 水庫水 ； 原水 ； 清水 ； 穀類 ； 蔬菜

並列摘要

Alachlor and butachlor has been widely used as herbicide, it is an important global pollutant for environmental hormone effect and bioaccumulation effect in biota and it could cause health effect and cancer. Alachlor contaminates biota with food chain and were detected in various environmental matrices, including water, sediment and air and various organisms, including aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, even human.
For the purpose of assessing the Taiwan resident individual exposure source and exposure levels of alachlor.Water pollution was one of major alachlor exposure sources according to previous literatures.This study will determine alachlor concentration of tape water & reservoir water of general area and high pollutant area.
Dichloromethane was applied to dissolve the grinded cereals and vegetables sample. The concentrated dichloromethane solution was extracted by the saturated acetone/hexane/acetonitrile solution. The residues were then eluted by hexane and ethyl ether solution (85＋15，v/v) through a SPE Tube. The final purified samples were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
The samples of reservoir water were concentrated with SPE-DEX4790.The concentrated dichloromethane solution was eluted by dichloromethane.The residues were then eluted by ethyl acetate.The final purified samples were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
This study determined 6 types of cereals and vegetables in Taiwan (n＝125). The results indicated that corn contained the highest concentration of alachlor, with the concentration of 17.839±16.908 ng/100g. The alachlor concentration of brown rice was 9.205±8.970 ng/100g, which was the second high.
This study determined 2 types of reservoir water in Taiwan (n＝14).The results indicated that Taihu Reservoir raw water contained the highest concentration of alachlor, with the concentration of 1080μg/L. The alachlor concentration of Bansin Water Treatment Plant raw water was 298μg/L, which was the second high.
This study shows that corn contained the highest amount of alachlor,corn are 2∼3 times of others. The detection rate of alachlor in corn was 67% (14/21),the study suggested eat corn or susceptible alachlor contaminated crops should be particularly cleaning.Butachlor detect that of cereals and vegetables detection rate were 25% (21/83) and 33% (14/42). Reservoir raw water alachlor content detection rate was 43% (3/7), and treated water alachlor content detection rate was 43% (3/7). Sources of alachlor pollution might be related to water pollution and air pollution.

並列關鍵字

alachlor ； butachlor ； reservoir water ； raw water ； treated water ； cereals ； vegetables

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